*fcv* 




















r^v>* ^ % ^tt-.-' a. V * 



> V 



°* 





p. V o « « * *o 







^ o <* 



^ 










,0* ..'I''.\ 



.^ . 



I ' 



KEIM'S 

\ ILLUSTRATED GUIDE 

TO THE 

MUSEUM OF MODELS, 

PATENT OFFICE. 




LJ 



WASHINGTON, iy^ 

DeB, RANDOLPH KEIM, 

1874. 




KEIM'S 
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE 

TO THE 

* MUSEUM OF MODELS. 

PATENT OFFICE. 



SECRETARY OP THE INTERIOR! 

COLUMBUS DELA1STO, OF OHIO. 

COMMISSIONER OP PATENTS I ASSISTANT COMMISSIONER I 

J. M. THACHER, op Vermont. ELLIS SPEAR, op Mains. 

chiep clerk: 
JAMES S. GRINNELL, OF MASSACHUSETTS. 



KEIM'S 



■ . 



ILLUSTRATED GUIDE 



MUSEUM OF MODELS, 



PATENT OFFICE; 



'CONTAINING A DESCRIPTIVE LIST OF THE WASHINGTON RELICS, 
AND OTHER OBJECTS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST ON EXHI- 
BITION, AND OF THE CONTENTS OF EACH CASE OF 
MODELS, TOGETHER WITH A BRIEF ACCOUNT 
OF THE MOST NOTABLE INVENTIONS. 

ALSO AN ALPHABETICAL REFERENCE CATA- 
LOGUE OF CLASSES. 




V 



NOVEMBER, 1874. 



WASHINGTON, D.C 

DeB. RANDOLPH KEIM. 

1874. 



3fe 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1874, 

BY DeB. RANDOLPH KEIM, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



NOTICE.— The compiler cautions all persons against infringement of copy- 
right of any of his publications, whether in maps, diagrams, illustrations 
where originals, or in the material, or arrangement. Any such infringemen 
will be rigorously prosecuted under the copyright law. 



Stereotyped by 
INQUIRER PRINT. AND PUB. CO. 

LANCASTER, PA. 



A 



3 y> 



** 



'p 



i 



MUSEUM OF MODELS, 

PATENT OFFICE. 



The Museum of Models open every day except Sundays and 

i holidays, from 9 a. m., to 3 p.m., occupies the entire upper 

floor of the massive marble structure known as the 

Patent Office. The main entrance is reached from the south door 

of the building. 

The Collection jof Models of American and foreign in- 

1 ventions patented under the laws of the United States, and 
here arranged for exhibition, is without a rival in the world, 
and speaks more for the intellectual energy and origi- 
nality of our citizens, than volumes of written history. The 

r Patent Office was founded in 1790, and up to December 15, 
1836, upwards of 10,000 patents had been issued. At 
the latter date the museum, which occupied a structure 
originally designed for a hotel, met with an irreparable loss 
in the destruction of nearly the entire collection of models 

i by fire. The number of models now reaches 150,000, and 
the increase, about 250 models a week, is so rapid that the 
large space devoted to the display of the collection has be- 
come insufficient. No less than 30,000 rejected and unclaimed 
models have been distributed amongst institutions of sci- 

1 ence, or sold to make room. 

In 1836 the Patent Office was reorganized, materially as 
it stands at present. The magnificent building was com- 
menced in 1837, and completed in 1861. 

(5) 



6 keim's illustrated guide to the 

For a full account of the vast edifice, its structure, archi- J 
tecture, interior arrangement and history, see 

KEIM'S ILLUSTKATED HAND-BOOK 

OF 

WASHINGTON AND ITS ENVIRONS, 

A valuable souvenir and the standard work of reference, 
descriptive and historical, of the Capital of the United j 
States of America. 

Classification of Inventions. — For convenience of refer- 
ence all inventions are grouped under 145 general classes, 
in each of which are embraced numerous relevant sub- J 
divisions. The aggregate number of subjects of inventions 
included in the latter is upwards of 7,776. 

Hints to Visitors. — It would be unnecessarily wearisome 
to the visitor were the compiler to attempt a description of * 
each model. It will be amply sufficient to note those 
which have become historic in their interest, and to make 
some reference to the growth and progress of certain im- 
portant industries in connection with improved mechanical 
appliances. The Guide, in its general arrangement, ob- ] 
serves the numerical order of the cases in each Hall. Vis- 
itors especially interested may obtain permission from one 
of the persons in charge of the hall, to examine any class 
of models. Each case has its own number on a silver plate 
secured to the moulding, and is also provided with an in- ' 
dex card generally suspended inside and both facing the 
centre of the hall. The index card gives the class, the sub- 
ject of invention and number of shelf. The latter always 
count from the top. It may be stated that the crowding of , 
cases sometimes necessitates a transfer of a sub-division of 
a class. This Guide is revised at brief intervals so as to 
meet these changes. 

Abbreviations. — N. north, S. south, E. east, W. west, C. 
case, small numerals, number of shelf; g. gallery. 

Keferences to the Plan of the Model Museum Halls. 

A, Main Entrance ; B, Superintendent of Model Rooms ; C, 
Store Room ; D, Photo-lithographers* Room ; E, Photo-litho- 
graphers' Room; F, Ladies' Retiring Room, Gallery, Library 
of Patent Office Documents ; G, Room for Labeling Models, 
Gallery, Store Room ; H, Entrance from Basement West 
Front ; I. Draughtsman's Room, Gallery, Store Room; J, 
Store Room, Gallery, Store Room. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 



SOUTH OR MAIN HALL. 

[Note.— Visitors should first acquaint themselves with the pre- 
t liminary information on Pages 5 and 6.] 




Copyright 1874, DeB. JR. Keim. 

South Hall, Model Museum, Patent Office. 

The South or Entrance Hall of the Model Museum 
of the Patent Oefice is 266 ft. long, 63 ft. wide and 30 ft 
high. The prospect is broken by 36 Doric columns in 
quadruple rows, with their entablature, 20 ft. high, and 
corresponding pilasters, which support a series of groined 
arches of 10 ft. spring, artistically adjusted to secure both 
solidity and effect. In the centre is a raised arch 40 ft. 
high, of beautiful construction, and pierced by an aperture 
of 13 ft. in diameter. This part of the ceiling is admirably 
adapted to harmonize the range of arches on either side 
with the main design. The entire complicated structure 
of the room is of solid masonry. The general style of dec- 
oration is Pompeiian, with appropriate adaptation. The 
iron stairway opposite the entrance, leads to a document 
storage room over the South portico. 

For arrangement of Cases see Plan of the Museum Halls, 



keim's illustrated guide to the 



OBJECTS OF GENERAL INTEREST. 

The four plaster busts opposite the main entrance repre- 
sent Napoleon Bonaparte, by F. Ball, Boston, 1856, on C. 26 ; 
Daniel Webster, by John C. King, Boston, 1850, rear C. 26 ; 
John Erricson, inventor, by H. K. Kneeland, New York, on 
C. 25 ; Abraham Lincoln, by T. D. Jones, New York, 1861, 
rear C. 25. On the left stands the plaster model of a life- 
sized statue of General George Washington, by Ferdinand 
Pettrich, a pupil of Thorwaldsen, designed for a monument 
to be erected in Washington Square, Philadelphia, and 
contributed by the sculptor in 1846, to the National Insti- 
tute at Washington. 

The General is represented in the act of resigning his commis- 
sion as commander of the Continental forces to the President of 
Congress, in the State House at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 23d, 1783. 

Model of the Washington National Monument, commenced 
at Washington, D. C, in 1848, and raised to a height of 
174 ft. by 1854, when further work was suspended for want 
of funds. 

The altitude then contemplated was 600 ft. It is now proposed 
to modify the design, making it a simple obelisk, 400 ft. high, with 
terraces and fountains at the base, according to plans prepared, 
1874, by Lieut. W. L. Marshall, U. S. Engineers, and submitted to 
the Select Committee of Congress on the completion of the monu- 
ment as a centennial tribute to the memory of Washington. No 
action was taken by Congress. The society has inaugurated, 
with prospects of success, a system of donations by societies and 
associations, contingent in the matter of payment upon the 
raising of the amount necessary to complete the monument. The 
cost according to the new plan will be $310,685. 

In the recess to the left is a case of axes, machetes, etc. 
placed on exhibition by the Douglas Axe Manufacturing 
Company, Boston, Mass. 

On the right of the entrance is a u porcelain plate, 11 9 ft 
4 in. high, 4 ft. wide, by f in. thick, manufactured and 
deposited by the Lenox Glass Company, Lenox, Mass. 

In the case near by is the Printing Press of Benjamin 
Franklin, extremely primitive in mechanical arrange- 
ment and very rudely constructed. A specimen of work 
done on it is suspended in the case. The press came into 
the possession of John B. Murray, New York city, in 1841, 
by whom, in 1842, it was deposited in the Museum of the 
National Institute, then occupying this hall of the Patent 
Office. , 

In 1723, Benjamin Franklin, a penniless youth of 17 years, ar- 
rived in Philadelphia, and early attracted the notice or Sir Wil- 
liam Kieth, the proprietary governor of Pennsylvania. Kieth, an 



MUSEUM OP MODELS. 9 

erratic character, at once proposed to set him up in the business 
of printer. The latter, with reluctance, sailed for London, to 
purchase type. Upon his arrival there he failed to find the prom- 
ised aid. He obtained employment as a printer and so worked, 
1725-6, returning to Philadelphia in the latter year. In 1768, he 
went to London as agent of the Colony of Massachusetts. While 
there he visited the printing-house of Watts, Lincoln's Inn Fields, 
and going up to this particular press, said to the men who were 
working it, "Come, my friends, we will drink together, it is now 
40 years since I worked like you at this press as a journeyman 
printer." 

In front of C. 27, is a Town Clock made by William Voss, 
of Washington, and arranged for 4 dials, and to strike the 
quarters and hours. Near by is a model of an Iron Battery, 
Tower for the defence of harbors, patented by T. R. Timby, 
Worcester, Mass., 1862. 

HISTORIC RELICS. 

Case 23. Contains The Commission of General George 
Washington, dated at Philadelphia, Penna., June 19, 1775, 
signed by John Hancock, President of Congress, investing 
him with the command of the forces of the United Colonies 
then about to assert their liberties by the sword, and 
which he resigned at Annapolis, Md., December 23, 1783, 
after the triumph of the American cause; the original copy 
of the Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen United States of 
America, in Congress assembled, July 4, 1776 ; Washington 
relics, embracing a table, bureau, washstand, 2 knife cases, a 
small chest of drawers, and hall lantern, a treasure chest, used 
in the military service, canvas sleeping tent, and Marquee, 
home spun, tent poles and pins complete, used in his later 
campaigns, window and bed curtains, worked by Martha 
Washington, and blankets ; 2 chairs of the furniture used 
when President of the United States, bellows, various cook- 
ing tins, and camp chest, containing tin plates, iron knives and 
forks, gridiron, stew pans, sugar, tea and coffee boxes, tea and 
coffee pots, spirit and vinegar bottles, used while in command 
of the Continental forces, and bequeathed to Congress by 
M. S. Winder. All the relics associated with Washington's 
military life indicate his frugality. In the same case are 
two rifles presented by the Emperor of Morocco to Thomas 
Jefferson, President of the United States, one enriched with 
carnelian and silver, and the other with gold, and both 
with flint-locks of very elaborate pattern. 

A model for an improved method of lifting vessels over 
shoals, made and patented in 1849, by Abraham Lincoln, 
afterwards sixteenth President of the United States ; a 
pair of gloves, made by William Baker, of New York city, 



10 keim's illustrated guide to the 

for Abraham Lincoln, and received after his assassination ; & 
A flint-lock rifle made in 1815. 
The silver tea service has no historic interest. 

Case 24. Washington relics from Arlington, 1862. 2 
glass chandeliers, set of French china, 17*5 pieces, presented to "I 
Martha Washington by General Lafayette, 1781, plate and 
saucer, part of a set of china presented to General Wash- 
ington about 1794, by the officers of the Cincinnati. The 
border contains the names of the fifteen States of the r * 
Union at the time ; mirror, arms of Washington, curtain 
fixtures, teaboard, imported from France by Washington 
in a plate chest, about 1784. Count Rueal in his memoir 
alludes to this teaboard when speaking of taking tea at 
the President's residence in Philadelphia; buff cassimere | 
vest and silk breeches, with buff under pair. Part of sleep- 
ing tent, mahogany table. 

The staff of Benjamin Franklin, bequeathed to General Wash- 
ington, and presented to Congress in 1844 by Samuel T. , | 
Washington, of Kenawha county, Va. 

Franklin says in his will, " My fine crabtree walking-stick, with 
a gold head, curiously wrought in the form of a cap of liberty, I 
give to my friend and the friend of mankind, General Washing- 
ton. If it were a sceptre, he has merited it, and would become 
it." 

A painted copperplate, representing cherubs with garlands 
of flowers, taken from General Washington's state coach 
when President of the U. S. The coach body was cream 
color, the quarter panels being ornamented with the four 
treasons, painted by Capriani. 

General Washington J s war sword and belt made by J. 
Bailey, Fishkill, N. Y. 

It is a simple hanger, with bone hilt and leather scabbard. This 
sword was worn in active service through the entire war, and » 
last at the surrender of Cornwallis. It is represented in Peale's 
painting. Washington bequeathed to each of his five nephews, 
naming them, a sword. The father of Samuel T. Washington of 
Kenawha county, Va., the donor of this valuable relic to Congress 
in 1844, though last named in the will and therefore the last to 
choose, claimed the first choice, which was acceded to by the 3 
others, on account of having been in the service, and selected this 
sword in preference even to the esteemed gift of Frederick the 
Great. It may be said of Bailey, the maker of the sword, that he 
was a gunsmith at Fishkill Landing, and had much prominence 
among American Revolutionary officers for the quality of Lis 
weapons. 

Two French vases, presented to Washington, by Mr. 
Vaughn ; traveling secretary or writing case, primitive in 
design and used during Washington's presence with the 
Continental armies. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 11 

Surveyor's compass and case made and presented to Wash- 
ington by David Rittenhouse, the philosopher and scien- 
tific machinist, of Philadelphia. A bound volume con- 
taining letters relating to the compass, and an interesting 
collection of engravings of Washington, at different ages, 
stands near by. 

Coat, blue cloth and buff; cassimerewsZ and breeches worn 
by Washington, at Annapolis, Md., Dec. 23, 1783, when he 
resigned to Congress his commission as Commander of 
the armies of the Revolution, and as represented in Trum- 
bull's painting in the rotunda of the Capitol. 

The personal appearance of Washington in fnll civil attire, is de- 
scribed as a tall figure, about 6 feet 1 inch, clad in black velvet, 
hair powdered and gathered in a silk bag, yellow gloves, cocked 
hat with cockade, and edges adorned with black feather, knee and 
shoe buckles, and dress-sword with steel hilt, and white leather 
scabbard. 

Colored lithograph of the pedigree of Washington, ex- 
hibiting the family-arms : motto, Virtus sola nobilitas," The 
only nobility is virtue." The compiler of the pedigree 
gives the arms of Washington quarterly of xi. 

A coat worn by Gen. Jose Antonio Paez, the companion-in- 
arms of Bolivar, 1813-23, and President of Venezuela, 1829; 
the war saddle of Baron John De Kalb, the brave Alsatian, 
who entered the Continental service with Lafayette, in 
1777. Two bayonets, one found under a beech root near a 
spring, about 18 miles west of Cumberland, Md., and on the 
line of march pursued by the British Gen. Braddock, in 
1755, from Fort Cumberland, to attack the French Fort 
DuQuesne, now Pittsburgh, Penna., supposed to have been 
lost in a skirmish with the Indians, and the other 
ploughed up in 1857, near the same spot. A case of flint - 
lock pistols, said to be made of meteoric iron. A gold-headed 
cane formerly carried by Joseph Powell , of Greenville, 
Tenn., a friend of the Union. On the band are the words, 
" Immortal No." and on the head, " If Slavery or the Union 
be the issue, I go the Union. " 

In 1850, at a meeting of citizens of Greenville, Tennessee, to ap- 
point delegates to the Nashville Convention, a resolution endors- 
ing the sentiments a We are prepared to sustain to the last ex- 
tremity an y movement calculated to protect the rights of the Slave 
holding States," was opposed by Mr. Powell. During his remarks 
he gave utterance to the sentiments on the cane. There was but 
one " No," and that was from Mr. Powell. His course created great 
excitement, and for a time his life was threatened. Mr. Powell was 
Consul of the United States at the Faulkland Islands, South At- 
lantic Ocean, 1868. 

The first United States flag raised after the arrival of the 
National forces under General B. F. Butler, over the City 



12 keim's illustrated guide to the 

Hall, New Orleans, La., June 7, 1862, 12 noon, by a commit- 
tee of thirty-four members of the Union Association. The 
names of the committee are inscribed on the flag. It was 
presented in 1869 to the Treasury Department by the Vol- 
unteer Flag Committee of New Orleans, La. It is said to 
have been the first Union flag hoisted by citizens of the 
seceding States after the outbreak of hostilities. 

An old patent to Thomas Passmore of Penna., for an in- 
vention of a machine called the Conqueror for cooking 
and boiling water, dated at Philadelphia, December 23d, 
1796, and signed by George Washington, President, and 
Timothy Pickering, Secretary of State, and certified by 
Charles Lee, Attorney General. 

Pistol made by Salola, an uneducated full-blood Cherokee, 
of Quallatown, N. C. 

A cimeter presented to Commodore J. D. Elliott, U. S. N., 
during his command in the Mediterranean, about 1835. 

A sword, originally with diamond studded hilt and gold 
scabbard, presented by the Spanish Viceroy of Peru, to 
Commodore James Biddle, U. S. N., while cruising on the 
Pacific coast about 1830. 

In 1849 this sword and otuer valuable articles were stolen from 
the Patent Office, hut were soon after recovered. The gold 
on the scabbard of the sword, however, had been melted down, 
one of the bottles of ottar of rose broken, and a number of dia- 
monds and pearls were missing. On May 10. 1849, the Patent Office 
made a special deposit in the Treasury of the United States, of a 
box containing the recovered articles, except the sword, viz : 1 
bottle ottar of rose, 1 bottle each of pearls and diamonds, 1 gold 
plate, 1 gold ornament and silk tassel, 1 box of diamonds and 
pearls and 2 lumps of gold from the Biddle sword. The box is 
now in the cash room vault. Treasury Department, U. S. In 1868 
the sword was again stolen, but was recovered five days after. 

A copper button found near the Natural Bridge, Va., in- 
scribed " Long live the President " G. W. Miniature of 
Col. W. A. Washington, obt. 1810. 

The military coat worn by Gen. Andrew Jackson when he 
gained his signal victory over the British, January 8th, 
1815, near New Orleans, La., originally presented in 1845, 
to the N. I. in the name of many citizens of Tennessee. 
The coat is of blue cloth with brass bell buttons. The 
rifle, breech loading, made at Tiffin, Ohio, of Gen. Sam. 
Houston, President of the Texan Republic, 1836-44, U. S. 
Senator 1846-59, Governor of Texas 1 859-01. Thirteen sabres 
presented by Ali Pacha, Bey of Egypt, to Capt. M. C. Perry 
and other officers of the XJ. S. Ship Concord, when in 
harbor of Alexandria, 1832. Alabaster grip and gold 
mounting and crimson silk cords. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 13 



COLLECTION OF MODELS. 

Case 1, gallery. 1. Movement cure appliances, embrac- 
ing many curious and ingenious contrivances. Artificial 
arms, some capable of a very close imitation of the princi- 
ples of the human arm, fireman's mask ; 2. Artificial gums, 
plates and teeth, dental instruments, nasal douches, tubes, 
&c. The first set of enamel teeth made in the United 
States, about 1820, was made by Charles Wilson Peale, 
father of the celebrated artist, Rembrandt Peale. 3. Cup- 
ping and other instruments, nursing bottles, &c. 4. Coffins, 
a very large assortment and of every material and design. 

C. 2, g. 1. Artificial legs, about 200 patents ; 2, 4. Surgi- 
cal apparatus. 

C. 3, g. 1. Rubber hose and belt-machines ; 2. Patterns 
for cutting out boots and shoes, rubber hose ; 3. Support- 
ers and bandages ; 4. Rubber boots and shoes ; and 5. 
Surgical and veterinary instruments. 

C. 4, g. 1. Compounds ; 2, 3. Shears and scissors, fruit 
and vegetable parers, &c. ; 4. Grafting and hay knives, 
&c; 4, 5. Pruning shears, shearing and clipping animals, &c. 

0. 5, g. 1,2. Manufacture of caoutchouc, guttapercha and 
vulcanite. 

Charles Goodyear, of Connecticut, 1836, discovered a method of 
treating native india rubber, and in 1839 discovered vulcanization. 
To his genius and perseverance the utilization of this valuable 
tropical product owes more than to any other one man. About 1840 
James Bogardus, of New York, invented a machine for shirring 
india rubber fabrics, and for cutting the rubber into fine threads. 
In 1848, S. J . Armstrong, of New York, invented a machine for coat- 
ing telegraph wires with gutta percha. 

2, 3. Rubber specimens ; 3. Manufacture of glue, &c. ; 4. 
Lard rendering apparatus. 

C. 6, g. 1. Candle molds and compositions ; 2. Manu- 
facture of soap ; 3. Of starch ; 4. Of salt. Samuel Abbott, 
of N. H., about 1830 invented starch made from the potato. 

C. 7, g. 1-3. Apparatus used in the manufacture of 
sugars. In 1829, James Bogardus, of N. Y., invented the 
eccentric mill for grinding sugar and now in general use ; 
2. Centrifugal filters, one of the most useful inventions in 
sugar making ; 4. Manufacture of candy. 

C. 8, g. Sugar evaporators. A large number of inven- 
tions have been patented for this important purpose. 

C. 9. Apparatus and machinery employed in the 
manufacture of illuminating gas. 



14 keim's illustrated guide to the 

C. 10. Air and gas carburetors. 

0. 11. 1. Hydro-carbon burners, oil-cans ; 2. Manu- 
facture of inhaling gas, butter and lard packages, and tubs ; 
3. Paint powder and metallic cans, cars and vessels for 
transporting oil ; 4. Oil tanks and cans. 

C. 12. 1, 2. Drain, fire and floor tile machines ; 2. En- 
ameling hardware ; 3. Manufacture of porcelain and pot- 
tery-ware ; 4. Metallic and composition lining for barrels, 
manufacture of fertilizers. 

0. 13. 1, 2. Brick presses, trucks and cars ; 2. Cleaning 
bricks, peat cars ; 3. Pug mills, mortar mixers, sanding 
brick molds, separating stones from clay; 4. Cement pipe, 
drain tiles, bricks. 

C. 14. 1. Brick machines. Some will make 2,500 bricks 
an hour. 

C. 15. 1-3. Brick machines ; 4. Bells and hanging. 

C. 16. 1. Fog siguals and signal lanterns ; 2. Dry dock 
indicators, signals for vessels and leak signals ; 2, 3. Bur- 
glar alarms. 

The Ross Burglar and Fire Alarm is an ingenious contrivance to 
simultaneously light gas and ring a bell. There are also a number 
of self-acting pistols. Another ingenious contrivance is a self-act- 
ing battery for scaring crows, operated by winding, and fires at in- 
tervals. 

C. 17. 1. Speaking trumpets, tubes, annunciators. 

Among the latter is the model of a Hotel Annunciator, invented 
by Timothy Jackson, of Mass., 1846. This individual was later dis- 
tinguished as the inventor of the heavy ordnance which battered 
down the walls of the Malakotf and Redan during the war in the 
Crimea. 

2. Alarm locks and tills ; 3. Fire alarms, signal tow- 
ers, signal flags, &c; 4. Indicators. 

C. 18. 1, Z. Measuring and weighing grain ; 2, 3. Passenger 
ticket and billiard registers, game counters ; 3, 4. Calculat- 
ing machine ; 3. Indicators ; 4. Pyrometers for measuring 
the degrees of heat above those indicated by the mercurial 
thermometer. One of these, invented by James Bogardus, 
of N. Y., is of such delicate construction that breathing on 
the object is responded to by the dial pointer. On the 
same shelf are models of registers for paper ruling, &c. 
Hygrometers, barometers, thermometers, thermostats. 

C. 19. 1-4. Weighing scales, carts or wagons ; 3. S. U. 
standard weights and measures. This is a duplicate set, the 
standards in use are in the keeping of the superintendent 
of the U. S. Coast Survey ; 4. Apparatus for recording votes, 
and assorting, computing and detecting counterfeit coin. 



MUSEUM OP MODELS. 15 

C. 20. 1, 2. Clocks, calendar, telegraph and electric, 
illuminating attachments for, chronometers, watches, sun 
dials, heliometers, spirit levels, collemeters, plumbs, grad- 
ing instruments, &c. 

Iii 1793 Eli Terry, of Windsor, Conn., made clocks of wood, cutting 
the wheels with a jack-knife and saw. In lSUChauneey Jerome, an 
apprentice to Terry, invented the one-day clock with brass works. 
This was the first important step in clock-making. The introduc- 
tion of clock machinery multiplied the manufacture. In 1841 
• Jerome introduced his clocks into England, where they received 
the name "Yankee Wooden Tickers." About 1845 the Jerome 
company made 450,000 clocks a year. Connecticut or Yankee 
clocks are now in use in every part of the globe. About 1829 James 
Bogardus, of N. Y., invented an eight-day three- wheel chronome- 
ter clock, and soon after an addition of a segment wheel, which 
, struck the hours. Since these early efforts great improvements 
have been made in the mechanism of clocks, as well as the scope 
of their operations. 

Watch-making in the United States was commenced by E. 
Howard, of Boston, about 1850. Persistent improvement in the 
works has given the American watch many points of superiority 
over the English and Swiss. The invention of clock-machinery has 
also added to the facility and accuracy of manufacture and cheap 
prices. 

All parts are cut by machinery, even down to screws 200,000 to a 
pound. The jewels and pivots are graduated to detect one ten- 
thousandth of an inch. Any part of the works can be ordered 
and supplied. 

On the top of the case are designs for clock faces. 

C. 21. 1-3. Contains a variety of measuring instruments 

for use on vessels, in sounding, graduating and drafting by 

t surveyors ; 4. Dynamometers for measuring the speed and 

* power of machinery, odometers, anemometers, vanes, &c. ; 
5. Gas meters. In 1832 James Bogardus obtained a patent 
for the first dry gas meter, which was greatly improved in 
1834 by giving a rotary motion to the machinery, thus 

, making it applicable to all current fluids. This was the 
pioneer of all diaphragm meters, so named by Mr. Bogardus. 
In 1851 John Erricson invented an instrument for meas- 
uring distances at sea, an/1 about the same time a hydro- 
static gauge for measuring the volume of fluids under pres- 

* sure, a reciprocating and rotary fluid meter. 

C. 22. Instruments for measuring, testing, indicating and 
gauging liquids ; 2-4. Meters. See Bogardus, C. 21. 

C. 23-24. See description of Historic Relics, pages 9-13. 

| C. 25. 1. Electrical miscellaneous, embracing annuncia- 
tors, logs, balances, signals, steering, torpedo-boats, &c. ; 
3. Mariner's compasses, also phonographic locmanaud for 
the instruction of the deaf, dumb and blind ; 4. Fire and 

% burglar alarms ; 5. Astronomical and surveying instru- 
ments. 



16 keim's illustrated guide to the 

In this case will be found the model of an improvement in tele- 
scopes by Alvan Clark, 1851, the maker of the great equatorial 
telescope at the Naval Observatory, Washington, the largest in the 
world. Mr. Clark also invented the double-eye piece, a valuable 
method of measuring small celestial arcs. 

Henry Fitz, of Mass., in 1844 invented a method of perfecting ob-^l 
ject glasses for refracting telescopes. In 1846 he made a glass 16 
inches in diameter, and in 1864, a chromatic lens. 

C. 26. 1-5. Telegraphic instruments of every kind. 1. 
Model of the Morse telegraphic instrument, patented 1846. 

Experiments in electricity have engaged the attention of scien- ** 
tine men for a century and a half. The names of Oersted, Leyden, 
Galvani, the pioneer of electro-magnetism, Volta and our own 
Franklin are familiar. In 1832, Prof. S. F. B. Morse, on his return 
from Europe, overheard a conversation on electricity and magne- 
tism, and before he landed solved the feasibility of transmitting 
messages, and determined upon an alphabet. In 1835 he set up an *• 
experimental wire. In 1838, having no capital, he gave an exhibi- 
tion in Washington, desiring Congress to construct a line to 
Baltimore. In this he failed, as did also his efforts to enlist aid in 
Fiance and England. In 1843 he induced Congress to vote $30,000 for 
the purpose. The first message by telegraph was sent on May 1, 
1843, from Washington to Baltimore. l 

The models of the later inventions are also to be seen in 
this case. (See C. 27.) 

C. 27. 1. Lightning-rods and arresters, telegraph-poles 
and insulators, submarine cables; 2. Electrical gas-lighters ;*a 
3, 4. Electro-magnetic engines and batteries, car-brakes, 
signals, switches, &c. 

In 1812, Charles Grafton Page, of Mass., perfected a machine for 
the economical use of electro-magnetism as a motive power, and 
succeeded in adapting it to the propulsion of machinery. 

After Morse had expended all but $7,000 of his congressional ap- 
propriation, he discovered that laying the wires in tubes under 
ground would not answer. Ezra Cornell, of New York, later the 
rounder of Cornell University, had the contract for laying the 
wire. Cornell, seeing the impending failure, and having broken 
the machine he had devised for his work, set the wires on poles 
and invented an insulator and relay magnet. This solved the''" 
difficulty. 

Samuel Colt, of Conn., the inventor of a pistol, was one of the 
inventors of, and successfully operated in 1843, a submarine cable 
from Coney to Fire Island and New^ork city. 

C. 28. Trunks, satchels, scabbards, tents, knapsacks, &c.,« 
C. 29. An assortment of models belonging to the official 
classification, Harness, 

C. 30. The same Class as C. 29. 

C. 31. The same class as C. 29 and class Boots and Shoes, 
C. 32. Models of classes, Boots and Shoes and Harness. 
C. 33. Models of class, Boots and Shoes. 
C. 34, Machines used in the manufacture of Boots and 
Shoes, including hand and mechanical pegging. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 17 

C. 35. Electro-plating. 

This was discovered early in the present century, and applied as 
an art in 18,39. Was introduced into the United States from Eng- 
land. The art of depositing the precious metals by means of 
electricity is now an important industry. M. W. Baldwin, the 
• great locomotive builder, invented a new process of gold plating. 

C. 36. 1,3. Manufacture of alkalies, chemicals, disinfect- 
ants, dyes and cosmetics ; 4. Stereoscopic instruments. 

C. 37. 1. Manufacture of nitro-glycerine and gunpow- 
der ; 2. Patented cards for compositions of matter ; 3. Pill, 
powder and plaster machines. Friction matches were in- 
vented by Dr. Abiel A. Cooley, who died 1858, aged 70 
years. 

C. 38, g. 1, 3. Machines used in tanning ; 4. For scour- 
ing, dressing, softening, batting, glossing and unhairing 
leather. 

In 1791 the manufacture of leather was an important industry in 
the United States. The introduction of machinery has largely 
multiplied the product. Seth Boyden, of N. J., in 1813 invented a 
machine for splitting leather, and in 1819 began the manufacture 
of patent leather. 

C. 39, g. 1. Machines for polishing, pebbling, boording, 
beeming, breaking, buffing, dicing, finishing and dressing 
leather; also, kid-skins and morocco ; 2. Leather dressing 
and stuffing; 3. Rolling and stretching, belt-tighteners; 4. 
Splitting and stripping. 

C. 40, g. 1, 2. Manufacture of artificial leather, welt and 
strap cutters and trimmers, harness skiving and gages; 3. 
Tack leathering, punching and piercing machines ; 4. Awls, 
ticket and leather punches. Manufacture of vinegar. 

C. 41, g. 1, 2. Machines for manufacture, cutting and 
storing of ice ; 3, 4. Cream-freezers and molds. 

| In 1805, Frederick Tudor, of Boston, began the shipment of ice 
as a trade. The first venture to Martinique was a failure. In 1S23 
he carried on a profitable trade with the Southern States and West 
Indies. In 1832 extended his operations to Calcutta, Madras, Bom- 
bay and Rio de Janeiro. Since that time the trade has been 
opened with all the principal seaports in tropical or semi-tropical 
countries. The machines invented for the harvesting and storing 
of ice indicate the importance of the ice crop. Iron scrapers re- 
move the snow, a marker lays out the blocks and a cutter follows 
all these, drawn by horses. The ice is conducted to the buildings 
in canals, and hoisted by steam, 600 tons being stored in an hour. 
The models exhibit the improvements in every branch. 

| C. 42, g. 1-3. Refrigerators ; 4. Milk-coolers. 

0. 43, g. 1-3. Cooling beer, water and other liquid, corpse 
and ice preserver^, refrigerating cars and chambers for 
ships, freezing boxes for fish, air cooling apparatus. 

0. 44, g. Houses, cans, jars, compounds, processes and 
apparatus for preserving food. 
2 



18 keim's illustrated guide to the 

C. 45, g. 1, 3. Apparatus for distilling, purifying and rec- 
tifying spirits and extracting oils. 

C. 46, g. Distilling petroleum, turpentine, coal-oil, paraf 
fine and peat and refining oils and naphtha and turpen- 
tnie, freezing petroleum, removing benzine. Manufacture j 
of acids. 

C. 47, g. 1, 2. Kenning and ageing liquors, brewing and 
preserving beer and ale ; 2, 3. Brewery apparatus ; 3. Mak- 
ing extracts, treating grain for distilling and hopping beer J 
and ale. 

C. 48, g. 1-3. Manufacture of white-lead, varnish, &c, 
under classification Paints ; 4. Cook ovens, charcoal kilns, 
artificial fuels, separating coal from slate, desulphurizing I 
coal. 

C. 49, g. 1, 2. Peat machines ; 3. Pitching barrels, bleach- 
ing fibrous and textile substances; 4. Dyeing apparatus, 
specimens of dyeing. 






MUSEUM OF MODELS. 

EAST HALL. 



19 




Copyright 1874, DeB. R. Keim . 

East Hall, Model Museitm, Patent Office. 

The East Hall of the Model Museum of the Patent 
Office is entered from the South Hall, and is 271 ft. long, 
63£ ft. wide and 30 ft. high. The groined arches of the ceil- 
ing rest upon 28 marble piers and a requisite number of 
pilasters of the same material. The architectural effect of 
this interior is peculiarly striking, and presents a rich and 
pleasing variety, as compared with the other halls. 

For arrangement of cases, see plan of the Museum Halls. 

C. 1. 1. Breech-loaders, bayonets, bomb-lances, guns, 
harpoons and torpedoes ; 2-4. Breech-loaders. 

The battle of Pa via, 1525, deposed the lance of chivalry and estab- 
lished the ascendency of fire-arms. Since that time succeeding 
wars have witnessed the use of the arquebuse, match-lock, fire- 
lock, bayonet musket, flint-lock, percussion caps, sword-bayonet 
rifle, invented in the 16th century, and repeating rifles. The range 
has also been increased ; the minie rifle being effective at 1 mile. 
Samuel Colt took out his first patent for a rotating chambered 
breech loading fire-arm in 1835. This was no new invention, but 
he added the cap and made it revolve by cocking. Since Colt's 
invention numerous breech-loading devices, as applied to every 
kind of fire-arms, have been patented, as will be seen by the 
models ; and the result has been to completely revolutionize the 



20 keim's illustrated guide to the 



„ 



art of war. As early as 179S Eli Whitney founded a rifle factory 
near Hartford, Conn., and long manufactured arms for the U. S. 
government. 

C. 2. 1, 2. Magazine and cane guns, combined swords 
and pistols, and fire-arm equipments ; 3, 4. Breech-loading 
cartridges. 

The powder-horn of the American colonist, and which won the 
independence of the nation, has been successively followed by the 
powder flask, paper cartridge, and last the beautifully fashioned, ■ 
safe and indestructible copper cartridge. 

Near by this case is the model of the original Gatling guni ** 
patented 1862 by Richard J. Gatling, of Indianapolis, Ind. 
the most ingenious as well as destructive weapon yet intro- 
^'"ced in the conflict of armies. 

C. 3. 1. Submarine ordnance and equipment of guns. *i 
The Erricson gun carriage is a fine model ; 2. Gun carriages 
and machine guns. The centrifugal shot projector is curious ; 
3, 4. Machine and battery guns, repeating breech-loading 
and revolving ordnance. 

The improvements in cannon have been less successful, notwith- 
standing the science and practical skill devoted to the subject by 
every civilized government. The best American heavy gnus are 
the rifle Dahlgren and the Rodman, both muzzle-loaders, named 
after the officers by whom invented. The Gatling revolving can- 
non is the most successful of the breech-loading class. William 
Deming, of Pa., manufactured wrouglit-iron cannon at Mid- 
dlesex, Pa., for the Revolutionary army of 1776-83. One of 
his make was captured by the British at the battle of Brandy- 
wine, and may now be seen in the Tower of London. The British 
tried to induce him to teach them the process, but he declined. 

C. 4. Divers ordnance equipments, charging fire-works, I 
war and sky rockets ; making cartridges, caps and projec- 
tiles. In 1848 graduated scales were applied to guns in the 
United States Navy. 

C. 5. 1, 3. Brick and lime-kilns; 3, 4. Fire and burglar- 
proof safes. ' 

The crown jewels of Scotland were kept in oak coffers. At the 
close of the 18th century iron chests came into use. The first ap- 
plication of plaster of Paris to safes was about 1820, by James 
Conner, of N. Y., type-founder. Since that time various incom- 
bustible and non-condncting preparations have been discovered. d g 
In 1833, C. J. Galer's "Salamander" double fire-proof chest was 
patented, and was a great success. This was succeeded by the 
safes of Enos Wilder and Silas C. Herring. The same skill has 
been exhibited in burglar-proof locks, as shown by the number of 
models. A ''permutation lock " was invented by Dr. Andrews in 
1841, and another by Newell in 1843. Both were picked. Newell 
invented a lock with detached tumblers. This was picked by W. "' 
Hall, ot Boston. The tumblers were then concealed. This was 
picked by Linus Yale, Jr., of Philadelphia. The senior Yale in- 
vented two locks, and both were picked by his sons. The history 
of this class of locks seems to indicate that the greater the inge- 
nuity of the inventor, correspondingly progressive is that of the 
burglar. » 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 21 

• C. 6. Locks for various purposes, and attachment doora 
and hangings, and latches. 

0. 7. Window and door fixtures, stair rods, &c. 

C. 8. Sash holders. 
' C. 9. Locks. 

C. 10. Shutter fixtures and door springs. 

C. 11. 1,2. Paper-making machines; 3. Paper engines 
r and washers ; 4. Paper driers and sizing, machines for 
r making pasteboard. 

In 1732 the first paper-mill in the United States was built near 
Philadelphia by an Englishman named Wilcox. In the early days 
ol the nation Congress especially encouraged the manufacture of 
paper. After the fall of Napoleon I. a large quantity of paper, 

• contraband politically in France, was sent to the United States 
and bought up for Congress. As late as 1825, Congressional paper 
bore a water mark— u Napoleon, Empereur et Roi, 1813." The in- 
creasing intelligence of the people, the unbounded postal facili- 
ties and the dissemination of knowledge through books , periodi- 
cals and newspapers have enlarged the demand for paper. To this 

9 have been added of late years many new uses, such as for collars, 
cuffs, twine, rooting, hangings, etc. 'With the greater demand came 
improved machinery. The old hand process produced about 100 
pounds a day ; a machine will turn out 2,000 pounds in the same 
time. A machine will convert a stream of fluid pulp into paper, 
dry and polish it and cut it into sheets. The time now consumed 

w in converting pulp into paper is two minutes. The old process, 
eight days. 

0. 12. 1. Weaving apparatus and skirt- formers, ironing 
machines, very curious ; 2. Paper collar and perforating 
machines, very ingenious ; 3. Fluting ; 4. Plaiting, panta- 
t loon stretching, and sand-paper machines, calender rolls. 

C. 13. A variety of models representing the classes 
stationery, wearing apparel, fans, umbrellas and toilet. The 
most interesting are needle-threaders and cases, pin-cush- 
, ions, work-holders, hair-crimpers, toilet-cases. 

0. 14. Models of articles of apparel, chiefly for ladies. 

0. 15. Hats and caps and finishing machinery and full- 
ing mills. 

r C. 16. 1. Felted goods, fibrous materials (specimens) ; 
2. Flocking and felting machines ; 3. Hat felting; 4. Form- 
ing bats ; bats. 

In 1732 a profitable business in the manufacture of hats was car- 
ried on in New England to the great complaint of the London hat- 

t ters, who claimed the benefits of the proscriptive policy of the 
British government towards her American colonies. Machinery 
now takes the place of hand labor in the preparation of the ma- 
terials used in the hat. The finest machines were invented by H. 
A. Burr for picking, Thomas Blanchard for felting, improvements 
of the latter by Henry A. W ells, and a hat body doming machine in- 

I vented by Seth Boy den and in general use. A machine will produce 



• 



22 KEIM 1 S ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE 

4f0 hat bodies a day against five by band labor. The American . 
hat is now the best in the world. 

On the heater near this case is a model of a steam-engine 
of peculiar construction, invented 1855, by Caleb Tompkins, 
of Georgia. 

C. 17. 1. Very fine models of carding and wool burring 
and oiling machines ; 2. Cotton-pickers, combing wool ; 3. 
Wool washing, cleaning wool and cotton; 4. Cotton lap 
machines and carding cloth. 

0. 18. Cotton cleaning and spinning machinery, bob- 1 
bins, flyers and spindles. 

C. 19. 1. Bolsters and steps; 2. Jacks and mules; 3. 
Rings ; 4. Throstles, parts of cotton-spinning machinery. 

The manufacture of cotton was introduced into England in 1620 4 
from India. For at least a century and a half the opposition of the 
subjects of that country was so great that parliament was forced 
to enact almost prohibitory laws, and the inventors of improved 
machinery were openly mobbed. In 1738 James Watts took out a 
patent in England for spinning cotton by machinery. In 1762 James 
Hargreaves, an illiterate Lancashire weaver, invented a carding « ; j 
machine, and in 1767 his celebrated cotton jenny. The Lancashire 
spinners rose and destroyed these machines. In 1769 Richard Ark- 
wright, a Lancashire barber, failing to discover perpetual motion, 
invented the spinning-frame and throstle, which performs ail the 
processes of spinning with the superintendence of a girl. A very 
perfect machine, and employed in every cotton factory in the ^ 
world. In the same year James Watts patented his improvement 
in steam-engines, which was applied to cotton machinery in 1785, 
To Arkwright and Watts belongs the honor of laying the founda- 
tion of the cotton manufacturing system of England. In 1779 
Samuel Crompton invented " the mule spinner," which combined 
the best points of the inventions of Watts and Arkwright, and 
since improved to carry 3,000 spindles, and is self-acting. *■ 

The invention of cotton machinery in the United States has 
been as important. In 1777 Oliver Evans invented a card-teeth 
making machine. In 1790 Samuel Slater, an apprentice under Ark- 
wright in England, with two partners, began cotton spinning at 
Pawtucket, R. I. They used all the English machinery, which was 
manufactured by Slater from memory. In 1793 Eli Whitney, of t; g 
Mass., while a tutor in Georgia, invented his celebrated saw-gin. 
The introduction of Whitney's gin increased the value of cotton 
from $30,000 in 1792 to $3,000,b00 in 1800. Amos Whittemore, the son 
of a Massachusetts farmer, in 1797, patented a cotton and wool 
carding machine, which superseded the rude affairs previously 
used for that purpose, and in its mechanical operations exhibited 
a complication and accuracy of movement akin to human intelli- ' 
gence. The ingenuity of this machine led John Randolph, of Roa- 
noke, to exclaim that " it operated as if it had a soul." In 1810 an 
establishment was erected near Philadelphia for the manufacture 
of cotton rnachinerj T . Since the pioneer inventions named numer- 
ous improvements have been made ; such as the ring-flyer, of 
Bogardus, the ring-spindle of Jenks, which may be driven 8,000 » 
revolutions a minute, the improved throstle of lie Cully, the Tube 
frame, the dead spindle and governor of Moody, etc. 

C. 20, Domestic spinning apparatus and machines under 
the class, cordage. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 23 

C. 21. Models belonging to the general class, cordage. 

C. 22. 1. Spinning, winding and stretching silk, &c; 2. 
Cloth-folding, measuring, drying, stretching ; 3. Sponging, 
&c; 4. Wire weaving, cleaning and assorting silk, cutting 
cloth. 

The production of silk is an old industry in the present limits of 
the United States. In 1753 Georgia produced £17,000 worth a year. 
In 1768 W. Hanks, of Conn., raised silk for kk three women's gowns." 
In Washington, Pa., sewing silk was manufactured in 1829. From 
1831-9 occurred what was known as the "silk fever," which ended 
in the downfall of the famous "Morus Multicaulis Speculation." 
Of late years California has successfully produced silk, which 
promises to become a permanent and important industry. The 
weaving of silk is now profitably conducted in several of the At- 
lantic cities. 

C. 23. 1. Heddles and machines, cloth finishing ; 2. Sear 
ing and napping cloth ; 3. Weaving fringe and hair cloth ; 
4. Hand-looms. The vast improvement in weaving ma- 
chinery may be seen in cases 24 to 32. 

C. 24. 1. Eeed-making, weft-forks, loom-pickers, picker- 
checks, shuttle-guards, checks; 2. Motions; 3. Boxes; 4 
Loom-stopping. 

C. 25. 1. Looms for weaving bags, needle and Jacquard 
looms; 2, 3. Take-ups and let-offs for looms; 4. Circular 
and irregular weaving, narrow-ware looms. 

C. 26. 1, 2. Looms; 3, 4. Shedding machines. 

C. 27. 1. Looms, netting machines; 2. Take-ups, ten- 
sions and stop-motions for knitting ; 3, 4. Circular knitting 
machines. 

Near this case are a stocking-knitting and two other 
varieties of knitting machines. 

C. 28. 1. Weaving slats, weaving button-holes, miscella- 
neous weaving ; 2, 3. Weaving pile fabrics. 
0. 29. Looms, very fine models. 
0. 30. Looms. 

The most important event in weaving was the invention by Rev. 
Dr. Cartwright, of England, of the power loom in 1785. In 1774 it is 
said that 30,000 Ulster weavers left for America ; but it was more 
than a quarter of a century after, before home-spun goods were 
practically superseded. As will be seen by the number of models, 
the weaving art has been most largely and successfully facilitated 
by American inventors and mechanics. Amos Whittemore, the 
inventor of the carding machine (See C. 19) also invented, when 
young, a self-acting loom for weaving duck. The principle is said 
to have been the same as the power loom. About 1832, E. B. Bige- 
low invented a hand loom for weaving suspenders ; in 183S, an 
automatic loom for weaving counterpanes and one for coach lace, 
and in 1839 a power loom for weaving 2-ply ingrain carpet. 

C. 31. Knitting machines, very fine models. 



24 keim's illustrated guide to the 

C. 32. 1. Knit fabrics, knitting machine attachments, 
mending stockings, making rugs ; 2. Revolving hooks for 
§ sewing-machines ; 3. Tension mechanisms ; 4. Sewing boots 
and shoes. 

C. 33. Sewing machines and attachments. 

C. 34, 1, 2. Revolving hook sewing machines ; 3. But- 
ton-hole sewing ; 4. Feed motions. 

0. 35. Shuttle sewing machines. This case contains 
Elias Howe's model, 1846. , 

C.36. s — . 

C. 37. 1, 3. Chain and double chain and four wax-thread 
sewing machines. Cases 33-37 contain the models of all 
the patents since Howe. 

John Knowles, of Vermont, in 1819, made an attempt to sew by 
machinery, and in a measure succeeded; but being unable to remedy 
the defects of his machine, abandoned it. In 1829 Henry Bock, in 
England, received a patent for a " Tambouring machine." In 1830 
Mr. Thimonier secured a patent in France for a crocheting 
machine. In 1842 J. J. Greenough, of Washington, D. C, patented 
a machine, but none but the model were ever made. In 1843, B. W. 
Beam, N. Y., patented a " running stitch machine." In 1846, Elias 
Howe, of Mass., son of a farmer, invented the first practical sew- 
ing machine. In 1848, John Bradshaw, of Mass., patented the first 
improvement on the Howe, a device to regulate the tension of the 
thread. In 1849, J. B. Johnson and Charles Morey, of Mass., 
patented a continuous baster plate, an improvement of Howe's 
straight one. In '1849, John Batchelder, of Mass., patented an 
automatic feeder. In 1849, Biodgett and Lerow, of Mass., patented 
a shuttle stitch diiferent from Howe's. In 1850, A. B. Wilson, of 
Mass., a journeyman cabinet maker, patented his ''2-motion feed" 
machine, and after his "4-motion feed " and a shuttle which made 
a stitch at each movement. This he superseded in 1851 by the 
''rotating hook," which supplanted Howe's shuttle. In 1850, I. M. 
Singer, of K. Y., a theatre manager, invented a machine closely 
resembling Howe's. In 1851, W. O. Grover, a Boston tailor, in- 
vented a machine with a " circular needle." In 1857, J. A. E. Gibbs, 
a Virginia farmer invented a single-thread machine. There are 
three classes of machines : 1st. Double-thread shuttle or lock-stitch, 
viz. : Howe, Wheeler & Wilson, Singer, Weed, Etna, Elliptic, Flor- 
ence, Empire, Finkle and Lyon and Leavitt. 2d. Double-loop, viz.: 
Grover and Baker. 3d. Single thread or twisted loop, viz. : Wilcox 
& Gibbs. 

There are no less than 1200 patents for sewing machines in the 
United States, of which about thirty are valuable to their owners. 
The manufacture began in earnest about 1856, and to-day the 
American sewing machine is seen in all parts of the world. The 
compiler has himself seen them for sale in the booths of the great 
Oriental fair at Nijni Novgorod, on the banks of the distant Volga, 
from whence they are transported into the heart of Asia, and do 
service for the half-clad nomadic hordes of the steppes of Siberia 
and Bod. 

The sewing machine is now applied to every kind of work, from 
the delicate task of making kid gloves, to the coarse work of 
manufacturing sole leather trunks or sails for great ships. The 
number sold each year runs into the hundreds of thousands. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 25 

« C. 38. Cooking stoves. 

C. 39. Cooking stoves. 

0. 40. Heating stoves. 

C. 41. 'Coal stoves of various kinds, and stove attach- 
ments. 

C. 42. 1, 2. Base burning camp stoves ; 3. Firepots, stov& 
and fire-place lining, stove-pipe cleaners. 3, 4. Stove at- 
tachments. 

* C. 43. 1. Oven and stove attachments ; 2. Begasse fur- 
naces ; 2, 3. Kanges ; 4. Hot-air registers. 

C. 44. 1, 2. Ovens, gravel-heaters and tar boilers, glue 
pots ; 4. Gas stoves. 

* C. 45. 1-3. Heating buildings, and 3, 4. Cars. 

0. 46. 1. Foot-warmers, andirons, fenders and hearths 
for fire-places, stove platforms ; 2. Fire-place grates, shovels 
and tongs ; 3, 4. Stove grates, 

f C. 47. 1, 3. Hot-air furnaces, portable furnaces ; 4. Sad- 
iron heaters. 

C. 48. 1. Fire-places ; and 2. Heaters, roasting meats ; 
2, 3. Broilers; 4. Tobacco, flour and wool driers. On the 
heater is an improved apparatus of French invention, 
patented 1858, for registering and measuring the intensity of 
electric currents. 

0.49. 1. Fruit; and 2,3. Grain driers, smoke-houses; 
4. Peat driers, malt kilns, floors and lumber driers. 

0. 50. 1, 2. Tea and coffee pots ; 2. Boasters, strainers, 
corn-poppers, tea-kettles ; 4. Dampers. 

C. 51. 1, 2. Chimnies and appliances ; 3. Coal hods ; 3> 
4. Coal and ash sifters. 

C. 52. 1. Vapor lamps and burners; 2. Boilers, includ- 
ing farmers' ; 3. Culinary ; 4. Wash. 

C. 53. 1. Lamp shades and posts, street lamps ; 2, 3: Lan- 
terns ; 4. Match safes, calcium lights, reflectors, miners' 
lamps. 

C. 54. Lamps and attachments. The inventions in this 
class are very large and of great variety." 

0. 55. 1. Candle-sticks, chandeliers, cigar-lighters; 1, 2, 
Gas fixtures and attachments ; 2, 3. Lamp attachments, re- 
flectors, magnesium lamps ; 4. Vapor burners, light lamps, 
buoy lights. 

0. 56. 1. t'oot-lights for theatres, illuminary apparatus, 
ghips, railway car and coach lamns. submarine lanterns 



26 keim's illustrated guide to the 

locomotive head-lights, street-lamps ; 2. Ballot, letter and , 
fare boxes ; 3. Kaising sunken vessels ; 4. Navigation mis- 
cellaneous. 



C. 57. 



0. 58. Ships, construction ; 1, 2. Steering ; 3, 4. Sails and j 
rigging. In 1808 Eobert Stevens introduced concave water- 
lines, and a new style of bracing steamboats. 

C. 59. Ships, propulsion; 1,3. Paddle-wheels; 3. Water 
velocipedes ; 4. Boats, oars and oar-locks. 

C. 60. Ships, propulsion ; 1, 2. Screw ; 3. Chain and vi- 
brating propellers, crank paddles ; 4. Vibrating propellers 
and crank paddles. 

Improved methods of constructing, propelling and navigating 
sea-going or inland vessels in America, occupied attention from an 
early date. In 1794 two keel boats sailed from Cincinnati to Pitts- 
burg. Four years before a sea-going brig (120 tons) was built at 
Marietta, Ohio, and was owned and commanded by Commodore 
Preble, who made a voyage in her to New Orleans, thence to Phila-, 
delphia via Havana. 

Ship-building on the sea and lake coasts, in a small way, was 
simultaneous with their settlement. 

In 1737 Jonathan Hulls received a patent from George II. of 
England, for application of steam to navigation. In 1786 James 
Rumsey, of Md., propelled a boat by steam on the Potomac. John 
Fitch, of Conn.,jn 1789, built the first passenger steamer propelled** 
by paddles at the stern, and made 4 m. an hour on the Delaware 
river. Fitch built the first passenger steamer in 1798, made 8 m. 
an hour, and ran between Philadelphia and Burlington, N. J. In. 
1804 John Stevens built a steam propeller. In 1807 Robert Fulton 
built the North River of Clermont, which was propelled by the 
present form of side wheels. She made four miles an hour. In 1815^1 
Robert L. Stevens built a boat, which made fifteen miles an hour ; 
now twenty-two miles an hour is not considered an extraordinary 
rate of speed. In 1811 Fulton built the first steamboat on the west- 
ern rivers at Pittsburg, and made the trip to New Orleans in four- 
teen days In 1814 J. L. Sullivan patented a steam towboat. In 
1818 the the first steamboat for Lake Erie, was built at Black Rock^* 
on the Niagara river, by Noah Brown, of New York city. In the 
same year R. Stevens discovered the utility of steam used expan- 
sively, and later introduced the use of anthracite coal on steamers. 
The Sirius, the first steamer to cross the Atlantic, arrived at New 
York from England, in 1833. It is claimed that the first steamer 
crossed the Atlantic from Savannah, Ga., to England in 1819. The 
great march of improvement in steam navigation may be judged*? 
by the large number of models for inventions. The first success- 
ful application of the propeller in place of the paddle wheels was 
made in 1839, by John Ericsson. In 1841 the iron screw steamer, R. 
F. Stockton, 72 tons, crossed the Atlantic. 

C. 61. Boats, life and ice; 2. Life-saving apparatus/ 
buoys; 3. Rafts. 

0. 62. 1. Boats detaching, light and air ports, decks and 
hatches for ships, scows and barges ; 3, 4. Building. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 27 

* C. 63. Various appliances used in the construction and 
equipment of ships. 

C. 64. 1, 3. Floating batteries, construction of war- 
ships ; 4. Submarine torpedo-boats, naval rams. 

* The torpedo-boat, invented by Bushnell, of Conn., in 1777, proved 
the feasibility of this style of warfare by blowing np a British 
tender in the harbor of New London, and but for the awkwardness 
of the person in the boat would have blown up the "Eagle," a 
British sixty-four gun ship in New York harbor. This same per- 
son, in the same year, set a squadron of kegs afloat in the Dela- 

■ ware river, arranged to explode upon coming in contact with any- 
thing. They were set adrift too high up, so that they appoached 
in the daytime. One boat was blown up. The British from the 
shore fired on them, which gave rise to the famous Battle of the 
Kegs, of which so much sport was made by our revolutionary 
writers. 

* The use of iron plates for ships of war was originated by Mr. 
Stevens, of New Jersey, as early as 1811. In 1814 Robert Fulton 
was appointed to build floating batteries for coast defense; con- 
structed United States steamer " Demologos ;" it proved too un- 
wieldy, but was the pioneer of its class. In 1S40 experiments were 
made in England. In 1841 John Ericsson built the United States 

r steamer " Princeton" on a plan rejected by the British Admi- 
ralty. She was the first ever built with the propelling machinery 
under the water-line. In 1841 T. R. Timby, of New York, con- 
structed a model of a revolving iron tower for harbor defense. In 
1854 Capt. Ericsson made a model of an iron tower for armored 
vessels. The utility of this system was demonstrated in 1882, in 

J the famous "Monitor," and was applied to a special class of ves- 
' sels. The " Ironsides " 2,486 tons, armor 750 tons, most satisfac- 
torily settled the question of armored vessels. That vessel, in 
company with eight monitors, during the Rebellion, 1861-5, made 
a vigorous attack on Charleston, S. C. The •' Ironsides" for three- 
fourths of an hour sustained the concentrated fire of four forts, 
carrying 300 guns, 8 and 11 in. and 6 in. rifled, and 3,500 shots were 

* fired at distances from 1,300 to 300 yds. without injury. The 
monitor " Passaic," at the same time, received 58 shots in the 
turret without damage. These experiences completely revolu- 
tionized the construction of war ships throughout the world. 

C. 65, g. Toys for children and police batons. 

t 0. 66, g. Skates and fishing tackle. 

In 1775 the fisheries of the colonies furnished most of the funds 
for exchange for home goods. This important industry has de- 
veloped with the growth of the country, and the ingenuity of our 
people has kept pace by the introduction of new and useful contri- 
. vances for the taking of fish. 

C. 67, g. Animal traps, some of ingenious construc- 
tion. 

The capture of fur-bearing animals was one of the first enter- 
prises of the North American colonists, and led to the formation 

*of monoplies in the old world. In 1670 the Hudson Bay Company 
was incorporated by the English king, Charles II. The fur trade 
led to the founding of St. Louis, in 1763, by Laclede. In 1810 John 
Jacob Astor established the Pacific Fur Co., which led to the 
establishment of settlements in those remote regions. St. Paul 
was originally a trading post, and in 1844 the furs of the Red river 

t country were concentrated there. The early hunters and trappers 



■ 



Uo KEIM'S ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE 

were the first explorers of the country and the pioneers of set- 
tlement. 

0. 68. g. Models of school furniture, which show the 
advance made in providing for the comfort of scholars, and 
also many new and novel contrivances to facilitate the ac- 
quisition of knowledge. 

C. 69, g. Reciprocating steam-engines. 

C. 70 g. Rotary and compound steam-engines. In 
1825 J. Eve, an American, obtained a patent in England 
for a rotary engine. 

C, 71 g. 1, 2. Oscillating steam-engines; 2. Engine-lev- 
ers, cross-heads ; 2, 4. Steam-pumps. 

James Watts, of England, took out his first patent for a steam- 
engine in 1769. The first built in the United States was in 1772, by 
Christopher Colles, of Philadelphia. It is stated, however, that 
Joseph Hornblower, an Englishman, built one at the copper mines 
near Bellville, N. J., about 1751. In 1787 John Fitch, a native of 
Conn., built, in Philadelphia, the first condensing or low pressure- 
engine, and applied it to river navigation. Then followed the suc- 
cessful experiments of Robert Fulton and the improvements of 
Robert L. Stevens in river navigation. Oliver Evans in about 
1799, in his "Orukter Amphibolus" or "Amphibious Digger," was 
the first to apply the principle of high-pressure or non-condensing 
engines, and he claimed that his engine would run wagons on a 
common road. From this dates the invention of the locomotive. 

The first locomotive upon a railway in the U. S. was built at 
Stourbridge, England, for the Delaware and Hudson Canal Com- 
pany. The first trip was made in 1828. The first successful loco- 
motive built in the U. S. was in 1814, and drew 30 tons 6 miles an 
hour. Now an engine will draw 158 cars or a train 2,000 feet long, 
carrying 1,268 tons, 84 m. in 8 hours, the engine weighing 13% tons. 
In 1830 E. L. Miller, of S. C, built a locomotive which ran from 
Charleston to Hamburg on the Savannah river. In 1832 Mathias \ 
Baldwin, the eminent locomotive builder of Philadelphia, built the 
" Ironsides" for the Philadelphia and Germantown R. R. About 
the same time Seth Boy den, of Mass., perfected the first locomo- 
tive with driving-rod outside the wheels. In 1833 Mr. Baldwin in- 
troduced outside connections, doing away with the crank axle. 
In 1834 Phineas Davis, of York, Pa., invented an anthracite coal- burn- J 
ing locomotive, which attained a speed of 15 miles an hour on curves 
and 30 miles on a straight line. He received a premium of $4,000 
from the Baltimore and Ohio road for his invention. In the first 
experiments, 1802-06, locomotives were encumbered with endless 
chains, cog and ratchet wheels, propelling levers and other de- 
vices. It was not until 1814 that it became fully understood that 
the traction of the plain wheel upon the rail was sufficient to pro- * 
pel the carriage not only upon a level, but up a severe grade. A 
grade of 100 feet to the mile on the Pennsylvania R. R. is now 
rapidly ascended by the aid of two ordinary locomotives. The 
truck frame in front of the locomotive was first used in 1832 by 
Adam Hall, of the West Point foundry. It is also claimed that he 
built the first locomotive in the U. S. for a South Carolina road and * 
one for the Hudson and Mohawk road. The eccentrics were first 
usedbv W. T. James on his steam carriage, patented by S. H. Long, 
of Philadelphia, in 1830, and first used on a locomotive in 1833. In 
1842 Baldwin invented the flexible truck. 

The American locomotive has now a world-wide reputa- 
tion. Numbers have been exported to Russia, Egypt, &c. The * 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 29 

models of the locomotive itself and of the various portions of its 
machinery show the vast improvements made since it came into 
general use. The greatest speed ever attained by a locomotive is 
70 miles an hour. 

The first practical introduction of the steam fire engine was at 
Cincinnati in 1852 ; at a public trial steam was raised and the engine 
at work in 4 minutes and 10 seconds. The city contracted for a 
steam engine of the same plan and placed it in the charge of a 
paid company— the first in the U. S. Vast improvements have 
since been made in the exterior design, beauty and finish, as well 
as mechanical structure and capacity of these engines. A ma- 
chine will now throw a 1% inch stream 225 feet high The models 
indicate the progress made. The styles of pumps used are also 
quite numerous. Steam fire engines are now in general use in 
cities of upwards of 20,000 inhabitants. 

In 1853 J. K. Fisher built a steam carriage, which would outrun 
horses on a paved road, but proved a failure on common roads. 
Repeated attempts have since been made in this direction, as well 
as in the invention of steam wagons for transportation on ordi- 
nary roads, but thus far these schemes have shown themselves im- 
practicable. 

C. 72, g. Governors for steam-engines. 

C. 73, g. 1, 2. Cut-off apparatus for steam-engines ; 3. 
Pressure regulators ; 4. Steam-hammers and fire-engines, 
governors and valves. 

C. 74, g. 1,4. Throttle- valves and gear for steam-engines. 

C. 75, g. Steam-engine slide- and safety-valves. 

0. 76, g. Models of valves for various purposes and im- 
provements in baths and closets. 

C. 77, g. 1, 3. Piston-packing. At first the piston was 
packed with hemp saturated with grease. Modern im- 
provements have introduced brass rings instead; 3. Ex- 
haust pipes ; 4. Steam-traps ; 5. Draft regulators, steam- 
pipe and connections. 

C. 78, g. 1, 3. Boiler furnaces ; 3. Smoke-burning fur- 
naces; 4. Furnace doors, non-condensing boiler -covering, 
sand boxes and ash pans, feeding saw-dust to boilers. 

C. 79, g. Steam-boilers. 

C. 80, g. Steam-boilers. In 1791 Nathan Eead, of 
Mass., invented the tubular steam-boiler. 

C. 81, g. 1. Steam-whistles and bell-ringing, setting 
boilers, super-heaters ; 2. Fusible plugs, handhold plates, 
stopping leaks in boiler tubes, thimbles for tubes, boiler 
tubes ; 3, 4. Condensers. 

C. 82, g. 1,2. Feedwater apparatus; 3. Injectors; 4. 
Feedwater heaters. 

C. 83, g. Low water indicators. 

C. 84, g. 1, 2. Steam-gauges. The old-time boilers were 
supplied with the syphon gauge for pressure. Numerous 



30 KEIM'S ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE 

valuable improvements have since been introduced, partic 
ularly the spring gauge for pressure, and three cocks for 
height of water, thus greatly lessening the danger of explc 
sion from those causes ; 3, 4. Spark arresters. 

C. 85, g. 1, 4. Grates, Boiler flue cleaners, washboards. 

C. 86, g. Washing-machines. The amazing ingenuity 
exhibited in this direction will be observed in the 500 
models on exhibition. In the passage is a hand-loom for 
weaving, patented 1845. 

0. 87, g. Washing-machines. 

C. 88, g. Washing-machines. 

C. 89, g. Washing-machines. 

C. 90, g. Washing-machines and wringers. 

C. 91, g. Clothes-wringers. 

C. 92, g. Clothes- wringers. 

In the passage is the model of a carding machine and* 
throttle spinner. 

C. 93, g. Clothes driers. 

C. 94, g. Models of inventions under classes, laundry 
and kitchen utensits ; also basket-making. 4 

C. 95, g. 1, 3. An assortment of models under class, 
kitchen utensils and furniture ; 4. Automatic fans. 

C.96, g. 1. Quilting frames, table holders; 2. Table- 
castors . 3. Graters, butter dishes, &c; 4. Egg beaters ; 5. * 
Pitchers ; 6 show-cases ; 7 spool thread cabinets. 

C. 97, g. 1, 2. Fly-traps; 3. Bread-slicers; 4. Sad-irons; 
o. Clothes mangles and starching machines; 6. Opening 
oysters, dish-washers. 

C. 98, g. 1. Culinary cabinet, kitchen safes ; 2. Meal 
and flour ; 3. Sieves and chests ; 4. Carpet cleaning ma- 
chines. 

C. 99, g. 1. Pastry rollers; 2, 3. Vegetable cutters; 4. 
Kneading dough ; 5. Cracker machines. 

C. 100, g. 1. Pea-shelling; 2,3. Paring and seeding ma- 
chines ; 3. Drawers for closets ; 4, 5. School desks. 

C. 101, g. 1,6. Curtain fixtures; 7. Wall desks, window 
hangings and moldings. 

C. 102, g. 1. Mirrors ; 2, 3. Brackets and clothes hang- 
ers, camp chests ; 4. Mosquito bars ; 5. Wardrobes, bu- 
reaus ; 6. Sewing-machine tables. 

C. 103, g. Tables. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 31 

* C. 104, g. Chairs of various patents. 

C. 105, g. Piano-stools and dentists' and other chairs. 

C. 106, g. Bedsteads and fastenings. 

C. 107, g. Spring-bed bottoms. 

C. 108, g. 1. Mattresses ; 2, 6. Sofa-beds and lounges; 6, 
7. Cradles. In 1815 Peter Cooper, the founder of Cooper In- 
stitute, patented a " self-rocking cradle with fan attach- 
ment." The notions of inventors respecting the necessities 
. of the infant portion of humanity are both novel and amus- 
ing. 

C. 109, g. 1. Bureau and wardrobe bedstead; 3, 4. In- 
valid bedsteads. 

C. 110, g. 1, 2. Beds ; 3. Book-clamps and holders, paper 
making, cutting and ruling machines ; 4. Type-setting ma- 
chines. Timothy Alden, of Mass., invented a type-setting 
and distributing machine, and at the time of his death in 
f 1858 he had spent 20 years in perfecting it. His brother 
has since added many improvements. It has, however, 
never been introduced. 

C. Ill, g. 1, 2. Printing office furniture and press at- 
tachments ; 3. Composition and distribution of type, com- 
' position-sticks, copy -holders ; 4. Printing presses and 
blankets, apparatus for printing on glass. 

C. 112, g. Printing presses. In this case are the models 
of the Adams power press, 1831, the Hoe lightning press, 
, 1847, the Gordon press, 1851; and other presses of more 
recent date. 

C. 113, g. Addressing machines, type cases, printers' gal- 
leys ; 2. Type scouring and casting, types. David Bruce, 
Jr., of N. Y., about 1812 invented a type-casting machine. 
k 3. Hand-stamps, embossing presses, branding; 4. Stereotyp- 
ing. 

Stereotype plates were first invented in 1725, by .William Ged, a 
goldsmith of Edinburgh. The printers manifested great opposi- 
tion, so that its practical application was frustrated. The art died 
r with the inventor. In 1786 M. Carez, a Frenchman, discovered a 
process forming the matrix by pressure in semi-fluid type metal 
and filling this matrix with melted metal. In 1792 plaster, gum 
and starch were used. In 1802 Earl Stanhope adopted molds of cal- 
cined gypsum. In 1820 Brunei, of England, introduced the use of 
clay. In 1829 Genoux, of Paris, employed papier-mach6. In 1813 
stereotyping was introduced into the United States by D. & G. 
I Bruce, type founders of New York. In that year John Watts & Co. 
stereotyped the first book in the United States. 

In 1814 D. Bruce, of New York, invented a stereotype shaving 
machine. 

C. 114, g. Printing wall-paper, calico and yarn. Ma- 
tthias Baldwin, the great locomotive builder, invented a sys- 



32 keim's illustrated guide to the 

tern of calico-printing rolls now much used. 2. Typogra- 1 
phy, copying presses ; 3. Plate and lithographic presses, 
color printing; 4. Inking apparatus, printing oil-cloth. 
Joseph Dixon, of N. J., invented the process of printing 
colors on bank-notes. v 

The art of oil painting by machinery owes its origin to the straits 
of Alois Senefelder, the son of an actor of Munich. One day in 
1793 the washerwoman called, and there being no paper and ink in 
the house he wrote his wash list on a limestone picked up on the 
banks of the Inu and upon which he had been making experi-yj 
ments. He used a mass of paste made of lampblack, wax, soap 
and water. About the same time he attempted to engrave a cop- 
per plate with aqua fortis, previously applying a pencil possessing 
grease as an ingredient. Before rubbing out his wash list on the 
stone, he thought he would see whether his letters would resist 
aqua fortis prepared and poured over the stone and allowed tc^ 
remain a few minutes. He found the stone eaten, and, after re- 
peated experiments, learned to cover the letters with ink and keep 
the stone clean. This was accomplished by simply wetting the 
surface of the stone before applying the ink. The ink adhered to 
the letters written with soap and lampblack. Thus was invented 
the art of lithography, later developed into chromo or color litho-v. 
graphy. Senefelder invented all the necessary implements, (and 
no stone has been found superior to that he picked up on the banks 
of the Inn, ) and also advanced the art to the printing of tinted litho- 
graphs. He died in 1834. Both branches of the art have since been 
brought to the greatest perfection. Chromo lithography combines 
the invention of Senefelder with the ancient method of printing in 
colors by using two blocks. The German Englemann originated"* 1 ' 
the method. The first patent dates 1835. The chromos of Louis 
Prang, of Boston, are the best in the world. It is almost impossible 
to tell the difference between the oil and chromo. A chromo will 
sometimes require fifty stones, Avhich weigh several tons, and five 
months is necessary to print an edition of 1,000. The ink is the same 
as used in printing, each color being applied by a separate stone. •* 

In 1547 printing in colored inks" was introduced into a psalter 
printed by Peter Shoeffer, of Mentz. The initial letter was cut in 
two pieces, mortised to fit, inked separately, put together and 
printed. The art has been greatly improved in the XJ. S. Very 
large types were first used in 1540 in Paris. 

The primitive system of calico printing was superseded in 1785 by. 
a cylinder machine. Jacob Perkins, of Mass., invented a very' 
valuable process of transferring the designs from a small steel 
cylinder to the copper. As late as 1845 but six colors could be 
used ; all above that were applied by the old-fashioned blocks. In 
1851 an American invention increased the number to twelve. By 
the aid of late improvements a single machine will print in twelve 
colors at the rate of a mile of cloth an hour. 



C. 115, g. 1. Paging and paper-folding machines ; 2, 4. 
Various articles of stationery ; 4. Slates and marking pots. 

C. 116, g. 1, 2. Paper box and tag machines; 2,4. Arti- 
cles of stationery. 

C. 117, g. A variety of articles of stationery. 

0. 118, g. 1. Machines for making moldings and oval 
picture frames ; 2. Aquariums, drawing boards, Kose en- 
gine lathes, pentographic machines, writing apparatus for the; 
blind, bronzing; 3. Gilding and silvering metals and glass, 






MUSEUM OF MODELS. 33 

i coloring maps, ornafnenting piano covers, pattern chart, 
teaching the rudiments of chemistry, teaching geography, 
stencil plates ; 4. Manufacture of jewelry, porte^monnaies, 
floor and wall covering, penman's hand support, orna- 

j mental cornice of window shades, ornamenting glass and 
signs ; 5. Ornamenting wood, testing the value of mutilated 
currency, tables to hold bank-notes on when cut, preventing 
counterfeiting of bank-notes, bank-notes, postage and reve- 
nue stamps, ornamenting marble, painting wire cloth, &c. 

James Bogardus, ofN.Y, in 1831, invented an engraving machine 
which cut the steel die for the first gold medal of the American In- 
stitute, and many medallions and imitation filigree work on 
watch dials, with rays from the centre and figures in relief, all by 
one operation. About the same time he invented a transfer ma- 

; chine for producing bank-notes from separate dies, now in general 
use. In 1836, while in England, he invented a medallic engraving 
machine in response to a challenge in a newspaper to produce an 
engraving from a head of Ariadne, a medal in very high relief. He 
not only made a fac-simile, but from the same medal engraved 
comic distortions of the face. This machine made an engraved 

(^portrait of Queen Victoria, dedicated to herself at her own re- 
quest ; also other portraits. He constructed for a London com- 
pany a machine for engine turning, which copied all kinds of ma- 
chine engraving and engraved what the machine could not again 
imitate ; also a machine for transferring bank-notes. In 1839 he 
gained the prize of $2,000 offered by the English government for the 

r best plan of manufacturing postage stamps. The queen sent him a 

r like amount. He had 2,600 competitors. The process of transfer- 
ring was originated by Jacob Perkins. 

5. Enameling machine, paperhanging, graining tools ; 6. 
copying figures, photo-lithography. Joseph Dixon, of N. 
r J., originated this process. Etching, trade-marks, stationery, 
engraving, matting apparatus. 

C. 119, g. 1. Models under the class, photography,which 
includes daguerreotypes, fine arts, including artists' appli- 
ances. Ambrotypes were invented by James A. Cutting, 
of Mass. Theatre scenery, ceiling for stages, scene shift- 
ing, picture frames, preserving flowers, manufacture of 
artificial flowers, cutting wax, telegraphic scenes and re- 
flectors; 6. Cameras. 

r C. 120, g. 1. Stereoscope; 2,4. Musical instruments and 
making; 5. Organs. 

0, 121, g. 1, 3. Melodeons, reeds for organs and melo- 
deons, musical notations, tuning instruments; 4. Motor 
j registers for organs, hand supporters for pianos, stamping 
reed plates, smoothing ivory key-boards, gauging and 
toothing ivory keys, hand supporters and finger exercises 
for musical instruments, pianos. 

Eschenberg, of Bohemia, about 1810 invented the eolodicon, the 
(first of reed instruments, in 1821 the accordeon was introduced, 
3 



34 



KEIM S ILLUSTRATED GUIDE TO THE 



wliicli was shortly followed by the rocking melodeon, and in 18 
by the lap melodeon. In 1846 Jeremiah Carhart patented a bellows 
with other combinations, to operate the reeds by suction. ^In 184f 
great improvements were made in the bellows. In the same year 
the melodeon, invented by Emmons Hamlin, established the reputa 
tion of this class of instrument. In 1855 Mason and Hamlin offered 
their organ harmonium ; in 1802 their cabinet organ. The addition*' 
of self-adjusting reed valves, automatic bellows swell, sounding 
and tube boards, noiseless safety valves, an improved combination- 
register and various other improvements harmonizing the tone 
and enlarging the compass of the instruments, have made the 
cabinet organ the rival of the piano. 

C. 122, g. Pianos. 

It is said that the twang of Diana's bow suggested to Apollo the 
invention of the lyre, the first of stringed instruments ; and in the 
order of succession came the harp of the Egyptians, the cithara 
of the middle ages, the psaltery, the dulcimer, in about 1200, the 
clavicytherium or keyed cithara after 1300, the clavichord and 
manicliord used by Mozart, the virginal of the time of Queen 
Elizabeth, and the spinet of 1700. The hammer harpsichord, in- 
vented in 1710 by the Florentine Bartolommco Cristofali, held 
sway for a century. One of these used by the wife of General 
George Washington is still to be seen at Mount Vernon. Sebastian 
Erard, the son of a Strasbourg upholster, while in the employ of 
a Parisian harpsichord maker made great improvements on th( 
work of Cristofali, and at the time of his death, in 1831, left tin 
piano the most popular of instruments. To America, however 
belongs the perfection of the piano. In 1823 Jonas Chickering, son 
of a New Hampshire blacksmith, began the manufacture of pianos 
in Boston. He applied the iron frame, invented 1825, by Alpheus 
Babcock, of Mass., and the " circular scale," " turning blocks," and 
other improvements invented by himself, all of which weregener 
ally adopted in America and Europe, and made the Chickering 
piano the best in the world. Since then there has been introducea 
the ^Eolian attachment, 1842, by Obediah Coleman, also the inventor 
of the automaton lady minstrel and singing bird, famous about 
1340, The overstrung base, the insulation of the iron frame and 
elastic washers by F. C. Lighte, the double sounding board of S. 3" 
Driggs,, the comb sounding board by Raven and Bacon, and th 
agratf arrangement resonator and double iron frame patented by 
Steinway and Sons. The American piano for volume and sweet 
ness of tone has now no rival in the world. The models of late 
improvements may be seen. 

Near this case is a fine model of an iron lighthouse. 



C. 123, g. 
C. 124, g. 
C. 125.— 



Sports and games. 

Sports and games, billiard-tables. 



G. 123. Cartridge retractors, primers, gun and re vol \ 

ing locks. 

0. 127. Locks. 

C. 128, Tube-making and rag-cutters, oakum and hair 
picking machines. Moses Beach, one of the founders 
the N. Y. Sun, invented a rag-cutting machine in genera 
use in paper-mills in the U. S. 

C» 129- Shuttles, lappel-weaving, loom-temples. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 

NORTH HALL. 



35 




Copyright 1874, De B. R. Keim. 
North Hall, Model Museum, Patent Oeeice. 

The North Hall of the Model Museum of the Patent 
Office is 267 ft. long, 59J ft. wide and 30 ft. high. Over 
head is a massive paneled ceiling formed of immense iron 
girders, the whole ornamented with a subdued tint. 
This hall is the largest and finest of the kind on the 
continent and perhaps in the world, and cannot fail to im- 
press the visitor with admiration. 

C. 1. Models in class Dairy, cow-milking machines. 

C. 2. Churns, large variety, some of the oldest patented 
in the U. S., one as early as 1807. 

C. 3. 1, 2. Churn dashers ; 1, 3. Churns, in all about 800 
patents. One run by clock work, and another with accom- 
modations for rocking a baby, the motion accomplishing 
the churning ; 4, 5. Cultivators. 

C. 4. . Cultivators. 

C. 5. Cultivators. Of this very modern implement 
there are about 1,000 models. The first was invented in 
1825, by Henry Burden. 4. Plows. 

C. 6. Plows. 



36 keim's illustrated gwde jo the 

The rude wooden contrivance brought to America by the first* 
settlers continued in use until the end of the last century, when 
the old Carey plow with a wrought iron share, standard or wood, 
and mold board covered with tin or sheet iron came into use. The 
few other agricultural implements in use were equally rude. The 
models in this branch of industry amply repay a careful study and* t 
exhibit the great advance attained in the promotion of the inter- 
ests of the husbandman and in the saving of labor. The improved 
agricultural implements combine lightness with strength, and 
utility with beauty, and frequently display an amount of mechan- 
ism not exceeded by machinery designed for more complicated 
operations. The first patent for a cast iron plow was issued in ft 
1797 to Charles Newbold, of N. J. The iron mold board, however, 
had been invented in Scotland in 1740. Of late years the steam 
plow has received great attention. The 400 models of plows show 
the consideration this important implement has received by in- 
ventors. 

C. 7. 1, 2. Sowing machines ; 2. Fertilizers, clevises ; 2, 4. v * 
Gang plows. 

C. 8. Seeding machines. 

C. 9. Seeding machines — about 500 models. Many of 
these exhibit great ingenuity. 

C. 10. 1, 2. Cottonseed planters ; 3, 4. Grain drills ; 5. 
corn-planters. 

C. 11. 1, 4. Corn-planters ; 4. Corn-markers. 

C. 12. 1, 5. Harrows ; 6. Corn-planters. 

C. 13. 1, 2. Corn-harvesters ; 3, 4. Hand corn -planters, 
broadcast sowers; 5. Garden implements. Hand cultiva- 
tors, hoes. 

C. 14, 1, 2. Stalk cutters; 2. Potato-planters, soil pulver-*'' 
izers ; 3, 5. Potato-diggers ; 5. Potato assorting machine. 

C. 15. 1, 2. Grain and grass harvesters; 3. Lawn mow- 
ers ; 3. Flax-pullers, clover harvesters ; 4. Cotton cultiva- 
tors, cotton pickers, tobacco ridgers ; 5. Cotton pickers, 
sugar cane cultivators, shovels and picks. 

The first successful mowing machine was invented by William 
Manning, of N. Y., and patented 1831. The Ambler patent of 1834 
was of simpler construction, and was much used in 1835 and '36. 
The machine mower and reaper patented 1834 by Cyrus H. McCor- 
mick, of Va., is now one of the most successful. The oldest modekjc 
preserved dates 1847. A large number of rival machines have been 
patented. 



c. 


16. 


Harvesters. 


c. 


17. 


Harvesters. 


c. 


18. 


Harvesters. 


0. 


19. 


Harvesters ; 



3. Model of header and thrasher 
combined ; used in Cal. where the straw is left on the field. 

Pliny, the Roman historian, speaks of the Gauls using a primi- 
tive harvester, improvised by the arrangement of a series ot ' 
knives in the tail of a cart. In 1833 Schnebley, of Md., secured a 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 37 

> patent for reaping grain, but that of Obadiah Hussey, of Baltimore, 
m the same year, is the basis of the best harvesters now in use. 
Since then great improvements have been made, so that the Ameri- 
can harvester is now the best. In 1855, at Paris, the American ma- 
chine cut an acre in 22 min. and took the premium of the world. 

i C. 10. Hay -rakes. 

C. 11. 1. Poultry' coops, hens' nests, numerous curious 

devices, fish-hatching apparatus; 2. Granaries, incubators; 

3. Haj'-spreaders. The Bullard model, 1861, is ingenious. 
r 4, 5. Horse hay rakes ; 5. Land- rollers. A horse rake will 
r rake 25 acres a day, with the aid of a driver, doing the work 

of 10 men. 

C. 12. 1. Grain cradles, scythes and fasteners. The 
sickle is as old as Tubal Cain ; the cradle which followed is 
*of very modern invention. 2,4. Hayforks. 

C. 13. Clover, rice and coffee hulling and cleaning ma- 
chines. 

C. 14. 1, 2. Machines for cleaning grain ; 3. Cottonseed 
v and polishing coffee and rice; 4, 5. Grain binders. 

The time-honored flail of late years has almost entirely disap- 
peared, and has been superseded by the thrashing machine. The 
American machine by actual test lias been admitted to be the best 
in the world. At a competitive trial at Paris it performed nearly 
p double the work of all other machines. In 1853 a machine was 
invented which consecutively thrashed, winnowed, measured, 
bagged and recorded the grain. 

C. 15. Grain separators. 

C. 16. 1. Grain separators; 2. Corn-huskers ; 3, 4. Har- 
vesters ; 5. Mold plows, laying drain tiles. 

C. 17. 1, 2. Corn shellers ; 3, 4. Class Stabling. 
C. 18. 1, 4. Straw cutters ; 5. Stabling. 
C. 19. 1, 3. Amalgamators; 4. Desulphurizing furnaces 
^goldbeater amalgamators. 

C. 30. Blast furnaces. 

The improvements in structure and attachments are numerous 
as will be seen by the models. 

* C. 31. 1, 3. Casting metal; 4. Puddling furnaces; 5. 
Blacksmiths' forges, anvils ; Tuyeres. 

Joseph Jenks, of Mass., was the first founder of brass and iron 
about 1650. Guns were originally cast hollow, owing to the diffi- 
culty of cooling them at a uniform rate. In 1729 they were cast 
solid and bored. On the Rodman plan, guns are again cast hollow, 
Vith the aid however, of cooling apparatus. Cyrus Alger, of Mass M 
made great improvements in the art of casting. 

C. 32. 1. Casting shot and shell, lubricating bullets, 
grinding and smoothing shell ; 2. Tempering iron and 
*teel, annealing furnaces, casting car wheels. 



38 keim's illustrated guide to the 

The casting of ear wheels requires great care. In order to pre- ^ 
vent too sudden contraction as soon as cast in the molds, they are 
removed into a circ alar chamber of fire brick surrounded by an 
iron case and heated, when they are allowed to cool gradually, 
sometimes requiring 40 days. 

3. Horseshoes, machine for making, patented b} r Henry ^ 
Burden, of N. Y., in 1835, measuring horses' feet, horseshoe 
calks, lock nuts ; 4. Manufacturing of iron and steel alloys for 
journal-boxes, alloys for tubing ; 5. Manufacturing of axes, 
rolling gun barrels, tools for the manufacture of pistols, 
forging cannon. * 

The American machinery for the manufacture of fire-arms is the 
best in the world. The English armory at Enfield and the Russian 
armory at Tula are fitted with them. 

C. 33. 1. Trip-hammers ; 2. Percussion-cap machine, 
horseshoeing; 3. Metal Working; 4. Bending metallic* 
plates, forging thimbles, corrugated sheet metal, swaging 
machines, rolling metal for jewelry, rolling knife-blades. 

Peter Cooper, the founder of Cooper Institute, N. Y., originated 
iron beams for houses. Seth Boyden, of Mass., in 1826, invented . 
malleable iron. He also discovered the art of making Russia sheet * 
iron. 

C. 34. 1, 2. Fagots for railroad rails, removing burs from 
railroad chairs, straightening railroad bars, rolling railroad 
chairs and axles, welding the ends of railroad rails, upset- 
ting wagon tires ; 2. Tire-bending machine ; 3. Horseshoe ' 
nail ; 4. Horseshoe machines, toe calk blanks. 

C. 35. Nail machines. 1,2. Nail plate feeder ; 3,4. Spike, 
boltheading and riveting machines. 

In 1790 Jacob Perkins invented a machine to cut head nails, and 
about 1840, James Cochran of N". Y., the same. Thomas Blanchard, 
of Mass., invented a tack machine capable of turning out 500 tacks 
a min. Henry Burden, in 1825, patented a valuable machine for 
making wrought iron spikes, and in 1S13 a machine for making the 
hook-headed spike used on railroads. 

C. 36. 1, 3. Screw machines and bolt cutters; 4. Nut ma- 
chines. Some of these models are very fine. 

C. 37. 1. Bending sheet metal; 2. Sheet metal cans; 
3. Sheet metal pipe and tube cutters ; 4. Bending and shear- 
ing metal ; 5. Watchmakers' lathes, dies for making watch' 
cases, finger rings and spectacle frames. 

C. 38. 2. Class Metal Working; 3. File cutting. In 1819 
Joseph Dixon, of N. J., invented a valuable file machine. 
Files, rasps, steels ; 4. Metal lathes, wrist-pin turners, spin- 
ning metal, tool holder for lathes, turning crank pins, 
turning heads of bobbins, facing T heads. 

0. 39. 1, 2. Wire-working and pliers; 3. Saw filing, saw 
sets ; 4, 5. Machines for making tubing. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. ' 39 

C. 40. 1. Making buckles, planing metals ; 2. Classes Car* 
riages and wagons and metal working, milling machines; 3. 
. Hoes, shovels and spades ; 4. Manufacture of knives, forks, 
spoons, dies for forming wrench bar heads, rake and culti- 
,vator teeth ; 5. Manufacture of chains and springs ; 6. Bird- 
cages, mitering printers rules, elliptic springs. 

Thomas Blancbard invented a self- directing lathe to turn a 
musket barrel. 

C. 41. 1. Flanging apparatus and for boring cylinders, 

'tapping gas and water pipes; 2. Machine for making butt 
hinges,' expanding mandrils and reamers, repairing boiler 
flues, cutting holes in boiler heads ; 2, 3. Making needles 
and pins, machines for sticking pins in paper. 

. The rise in the price of pins during the war of 1812 stimulated 
home manufacture, but the various attempts made proved unsuc- 
cessful. In 1832 John J. Howe, of N. Y., patented a pin machine. 
In 1833 L. W. Wright, of Mass., invented a machine for making 
solid-headed pins. The principal machines now in use are those 
of Slocum, De Grass, Fowler and Howe. 

A machine has been invented which runs the wire from a reel, 
cuts it the proper length, points, heads and finishes the pin before 
it falls into the hopper, from which it passes into a sticking 
machine, which arranges and sticks it in paper ready for market. 
With this machine one girl can do the work of 30 persons by the 
old process. One firm in Conn, will turn out about eight million 
pins a day, finished and in bars. 

Dies for forging squares, vice boxes, key blanks _ and 
thimbles, machines for making rings for spinning machines, 
removing wire teeth from cards, sticking teeth in cards. 
See C. 19, E. H. and metal working; 4, 5. Wrenches; 5. Pipe 
'tongs; 6. Vices. 

C. 42. 1. Cheese vats ; 2. Milking pails, strainers and cans, 
: milkmen's signal can ears ; 3. Gear cutters, razor strops, 
apparatus for supplying cities with milk; 3,4,5. Graining 
>and polishing metals, grindstones. 

C. 43. 1, 2. Breaking: and cleaning flax and hemp ; 3, 4. 
Cotton gins. See C. 19, E. H. 3. Model of Eli Whitney's gin, 
patented 1794. 

C. 44. 1. 2. Soldering apparatus and irons, eyelet mak- 
ing machine; 3. Machines for making cartridge shells, fish- 
hooks, harvester guard-fingers and for serrating sickle sec- 
tions, finger-guards for harvesters, scouring, drying and 
manufacturing of sheet metal; 4. Combining wrought iron 
wwith cast iron, welding metals, forming auger bits and 
twist drills. 

0. 45, g. 1, 2. Railroad rails; 3, 4. Railroad chairs. The 
T rail was invented by R. Stevens, of N. J., about 1827. 
) C. 48, g. 1.2. Railroad splices and joints; 3. Railroad 



40 keim's illusteated guide to the 

frogs; 4, 6. Railroad switches and stands. Daniel Tread- r* 
well in 1826 introduced " turnouts." 

C. 47, g. 1, 2. Railroad tracks, crossings and ties and hose 
bridges ; 3. Railroad cattle gates, ferry and track platforms, 
Railroad crossings and gates ; 4. Elevated railways, rope i 
and w r ire ways, mode of transporting ships overland ; 5. 
Turn-tables and railroad switches. 

C. 48, g. 1,3. Snow-plows, cowcatchers ; 3. Guard for rail- 
way cars, delivering mail on railroad cars ; 4. Car springs ; 5. 
Car springs and replacers. 

C. 49, g. 1. Inclined planes for railroads, water-tanks for 
railroads, track laying and tampering ; 2. Water-tanks and 
car axles ; 3. Pneumatic tubes, bumpers and draw bars ; 
4, 5. Car wheels. 

C, 50, g. Railroad trucks, equalizing bars for trucks, 
changing gauges ; 2, 4. Hand-cars and car standards ; 5. 
Dumping cars. 

C. 51, g. 1, 2. Cattle cars, freight cars; 3, 5. Car fixtures * 
and attachments. 

G. 52, g. Car couplings. 

C. 53, g. 1. Sleeping cars, fixtures ; 1, 3. Hotel cars for 
railroads ; 4. Car starters ; 5. Street cars, awnings, pneu- 
matic street cars, and attachments. 

In 1830 James Stimpson, of Md., patented a car propeller by an 
endless tread horse-power. In 1841 a simple hand crank for pro- 
pelling street cars was patented. The first practical inventions 
were patented between 1850 and '60, There are about 50 models of 
this class of railway cars. 

C. 54, g. 1. Car brakes, air brakes ; 2, 6. Brakes and starters. 
The Westinghouse air-brake, 1869, is now the best in use. 

C. 55, g. A variety of models belonging to the general 
class baths and closets. 

0. 56, g. 1. Hose nozzles ; 2. Fire engines, funnels, bungs, 
pumps; 3, 4. Fire extinguishers ; 5. Syphons and hydrants, 
pump and measure liquids ; 5. Hydrants. 

C. 57, g. 1. Cattle pumps ; 2, 3. Hose couplings; 4,5. Air 
and gas engines. 

0. 58, g. 1, 3. Water elevators ; 4. Street sprinklers ; 5. 
Steam water elevators. 

C. 59, g. Pumps — 150 models of inventions. 

0. 60, g. 1, 3. Pumps ; 4. Oil pumps and driving wells ; 5. 
Rotary pumps. Dr. Abiel A. Cooley first applied the cam 
movement. 

C. 61, g. Water-wheels. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 41 

C. 62, g. 1,2. Tubing for artesian wells; 2, 5. Water-wheels. 

C. 63, g. 1. Hydraulic hoisting apparatus and bottle stop- 
pers ; 2. Carbolic acid generators, wash-stands, ash leeches; 
3. Bottle filling and corking, rain water cut-offs ; 4. Cisterns 
and fountains. 

C. 64, g. 1. Water filters ; 2. Hydraulic engines ; 3. Com- 
pressed air engines ; 4. Soda fountains. 

In 1833 Bogardus' caloric engine was first exhibited in London 
In 1841 he brought out a new form of the same. 

C. 65, g. 1, 3. Wind mills ; 3. Hydraulic rams ; 4. Aerial 
cars, flying apparatus, sand blowers ; 5. Rotary blowers, 
fans, bellows. The centrifugal blower of Bogardus has been 
much used. 

C. 66, g. Windmills and apparatus. 

Early in the century, Nathan Read, of Mass., invented a method 
of equalizing the action of windmills. 

C. 67, g. 1. Flower-pots and stands, grafting plants ; 2. 
Sorghum and cane strippers, transplanters ; 3, 4. Hedge 
trimmers, bag holders and ties. 

C. 68, g. 1. Bog-cutters, sand-washers, green-houses; 2. 
Plant protectors ; tree protectors ; 3. Peanut pickers, strip- 
ping broom-corn, hop-vine trellis ; 4. Stone gatherer, bean 
harvesters, insect destroyers ; 5. Fruit pickers and assorters. 

C. 69, g. 1. Ore crushers, coal and stone breakers, mill 
spindles*. 

0. 70, g. Bark, sumac, linseed, paint, coffee, hominy and 
cider mills ; 4. Cane crushers. 

C. 71, g. 1, 2. Flour bolts ; 3, Bran dusters ; 4. Grinding 
mills. 

In 1656 Joseph Jenks, of Mass., invented an "engine for mills to 
go by water." 

Oliver Evans, of Del., 1780, invented an elevator, conveyor, hopper 
boy, the drill and the descender for flour mills. He also suggested 
the application of steam. The improvements since may be seen by 
the models. 

C. 72, g. Grinding mills — 120 models of inventions. 

C. 73, g. Sawmills. 

C. 74, g. Sawmills — about 300 models of inventions. 

About 1840 J. W. Cochran, of N. H., introduced curivlinear saw- 
ing used in ship timbers. 

C. 75, g. 1, 2. Head-blocks, mill dogs; 3,4. Saw-handles, 
saw-blades, cross-cut saws, head-blocks, mill dogs ; 5. Buck 
saws ; 6- Carpenters' planes ; 7. Sawmills. 

C. 76, g. 1, 4. Wood planing and other wood-working 
machines. 



42 ketm's illustrated guide to the 

C. 77, g. 1, 2. Stave crozing; 4. Mitreing machines; 5. 
Carpenters' benches, floor clamps. 

C. 78, g. 1. Barrels ; 2. Machines for dressing barrel hoops, 
Hoops ; 3. Machines for jointing staves ; 3, 5. Barrel ma- 
chines. 

0. 79, g. 1, 4. Wood turning lathes ; 5. Lathe chucks, coun- 
ter sinks, turning lathes. 

In 1837 the planing machine was introduced. The variety and 
scope of this class of machinery may be judged by the models in 
the succeeding cases. The improved lathes will turn out every 
class of work, the most wonderful operation being irregular turn- 
ing. A gun stock can now be turned in 30 min. Thomas Blanchard, 
of Mass., invented a lathe for turning irregular forms, such as 
busts, shoe lasts, musket stocks, &c. 

C. 80, g. 1,3. Mortising and boring machines; 4. Bit 
stocks; 5. Augers and hollow augers; 6. Mortising and 
boring. 

C. 81, g. 1,2. Bung and cork cutting ; 2. Rossing bark ; 3. 
Wood carving and molding ; 4, 5. Spoke and felly ma- 
chines. 

C. 82, g, 1, 2. Tenoning machines ; 2. Sap spouts and 
buckets ; 3. Wood bending ; 4. Wheelwrights' machinery ; 
5. Hub-boring, wood polishing. 

Thomas Blanchard, of Mass., invented the compound bending 
machine. 

C. 83, g. 1, 2. Box machines, dove tailing; 3. Blind slat 
measuring sash ; 4. Lath machines, wiring blind slats ; 5. 
Veneer cutting and clothes-pin machines. 

0. 84, g. 1. Cutting bed screws, making w T ooden pins, 
shoe pegs ; 2, 4. Models class wood-working. 

C. 85, g. 1, 4. Shingle machines ; 5. Peeling willow. 

Dr. Abiel A. Cooley, the inventor of friction matches, about 1850 
invented a very ingenious shingle machine. 

C. 86, g. 1, 2. Tools and tool handles and machine for 
driving nails into boxes ; 2. Drawing knives ; 2. Picture nails, 
wood screws, spikes and nails; 2. Manufacture of combs ; 
3, 4. Steam plows, spading machines ; 4. Steam plows. 

There have been many inventions, as will be seen by the models, 
of steam plows in the United States ; in some cases with successful 
results ; but there are numerous obstacles in the way of their gen- 
eral use. 

C. 87, g. Bee-hives. 

C. 88, g. Bee-hives. L. L. Langstrath, of Pennsylvania, in 
1852 patented the first practical hive, introducing arrange- 
ments for taking out the comb without disturbing the bees. 
There are about 300 models of inventions of this class. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 

WEST HALL. 



43 




Copyright 1874, Be B. JR. Keim. 

West Hall, Model Museum, Patent Office. 

The West Hall of the Model Museum of the Patent 

Office, entered from the North or South Halls, is 272 ft 

lorn?, 63f ft. wide and 30 ft. high. In design it is the same 

as the North Hall. 

C. 1 to 5 incl. 

of fees. 



Allowed patent cases awaiting payment 



All rejected cases pending are kept secret two years : within this 
time the inventor may take up and make a new case, after that 
J 1T, J£JP? mo(lels ai *e placed temporarily in open cases and sold. 
In 1872 about o0,000 models were distributed amongst various insti- 
tutions or sold. A patent issued is considered forfeited after 6 
months, if the inventor does not pay the final fee. They are then 
also retained two years. 

C. 6. 1, 2. Children's carriages; 2,4. Carriage attach- 
ments and fixtures; 2. Ambulances, hearses, biers; 5. 
Wheelbarrows, trucks, drays, barrel rollers, moving pianos, 
lumber wagons, skids. 

C. 7. Models of various inventions, under class car- 
riages and wagons and hoisting; 4. Neck and ox yokes. 

C. 8. 1, 5. Models of inventions, under class, carriages 
and ivagons; 2, 4. Carriages. 



44 keim's illestkated guide to the 

The carriage of late years has been greatly improved in design 
lightness, strength and durability. The elliptical spring was in 
troduced in 1825. 

C. 9. 1, 2. Dumping wagons, milk and pedlars' wagons 
and wagon attachments ; 3, 6. Wagon brakes, about 300 
models. 

0. 10. Wagon fixtures. 

C. 11. 1, 2, 3. Velocipedes, about 300 models. Two- 
thirds of these were patented in 1869, and when the excite- 
ment subsided upwards of 200 applications were aban- 
doned. The oldest model dates 1852. 3, 4. Axles, boxes 
and hubs. 

C. 12. 1, 2. Sleighs ; 3. Sleigh brakes ; 4. Carriage and 
wagon fixtures. 

C. 13. Machines for working stone. 
C. 14. Machinery for the manufacture, polishing and 
grinding of glass. 

In 1780 glass works, worked by Hessian deserters from the British 
army, were in operation in Boston. In 1798 Col. O'Hara started a 
manufactory of crown glass at Pittsburg, Penna. In 1812 the finest 
Hint glass works in the U. S. were there. A set of vases made there 
adorned the salons of La Fayette in France. The glass industry 
now*nearly centres in Pennsylvania. 

The models indicate the large attention given to every variety 
of glass manufacture. 

C. 15. 1. Stone trucks; 2. Cranes and derricks; 3, 4. 
Stamp extractors ; 4, 5. Lifting jacks. 

C. 16. Hoisting apparatus, about 300 models. 

C. 17. Hoisting apparatus. 

C. 18. 1. Hay racks and wagons; 2, 4. Hay rakes and 
loaders ; 4, 5. Hay elevators. 

0. 19. 1. Ventilating vessels, manufacture of artificial 
stone, artificial stone ; 3. Dumping machines ; 4. Coal, 
brick and lime elevators ; 5. Grain conveyors and eleva- 
tors. 

C. 19 1-2. 1, 2. Packing boxes; 3. Cigar boxes; 3, 5. 
Egg carriers. 

C. 20. 1, 4. Ventilating cars and houses. 

C. 21. 1. Ventilating mines; 2, 5. Class, butchering. 

C. 21 1-2. 1. Muff; 2. Paper ; 3, 5. Fruit boxes. 

C. 22. 1. Basket machines, brooms, window washers ; 
2. Feather renovators ; 3. Mops, wringers, mops and hold- 
ers ; 4. Carpet sweeping, butchering apparatus. 

In front of this case is a fine model of a steam excava- 
tor, patented 1867. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 45 

C. 23. Class Brushes and brooms. 

C. 24. 1, 2. Threshing machines, about 100 models ; 3, 
4. Smut mills. 

C. 25. 1. Haystackers ; 2, 5. Threshing machines. There 
are 5 models of date 1818. See C. 24 N. H, 

C. 26. Cotton, one of date 1812, and hay presses. 

C. 27. 1, 3. Cotton hay ; 4. Plumbago presses, pack- 
ing sugar and flour ; 5. Baling short cut hay. 

C. 28. 1,2. Cheese; 2. Oil; 3. Tobacco presses; 4 
Packing bands, bale-tighteners ; 5. Steam hop and wool 
presses. 

C. 29. 1, 3. Cigar machines ; 4. Tobacco cutters, pipes, 
hooks, boxes and bags, cigar holders ; 5. Tobacco machin- 
ery. 

C. 30. 1, 3. Well boring apparatus; 4. Well augers ; 5. 
Mining and tunneling apparatus. 

C. 31. Stone and rock drills. 

C. 32. Horse and dog powers. 

C. 33. Models under classes mechanical powers and jour- 
nals and bearings. 

C. 34. Class journals and bearings. In 1839 Isaac Babbit 
of Mass. invented an anti-friction metal used in railroad car 
axle boxes, in almost every part of the world. 

C. 35. Models under classes mechanical powers and jour- 
nals and bearings; 3. Model of Wickman's self-sustaining 
motive power, 1870, intended for perpetual motion. 

C. 36. Mechanical movements converting and chang- 
ing motion used in running machinery. 

C. 37 to 40. Patented models on which the final fee has 
not been paid. 

C. 41 g. & 42 g. Kejected models. 

C. 43 g. Bridges. Charles Ellett, of Penna., built the 
first wire suspension bridge in the U. S. over the Schuyl- 
kill river, and later the Niagara bridge. Across the pas- 
sage is a large model of a horizontal tubular bridge. 

C. 44 g. Coffer dams, cast-iron caissons and other 
models under class, hydraulic engineering ; 4. Ferrybridges, 
removing submarine rocks, tide powers. 

Nathan Read about 1845 invented a plan of using the force of the 
tide by reservoirs alternately filled. 

5. Bridge piers and abutments, girders and columns, 
timber-splice3, corrugated beams. 



46 keim's illustrated guide to the 

0. 45 g. 1, 2. Canal locks ; 2. Flood-gates; 3. Obstructing f 
harbors, removing obstructions from rivers, coal chutes, 
loading and unloading vessels, laying submarine telegraph 
cables, fortifications; 4. Marine railways, boat-builders' 
platforms, submarine tunnels, floating docks; 5. Floating 
and dry docks. 

From 1790 to 1810 common roads and sail were used, from 1S10 to 
1830 canals and steamboats, and in 1830 railroads were added. In 
1784 the Potomac canal company made the first movement towards 
the connection of navigation on the Potomac and Ohio rivers. Its 
successor, the Chesapeake and Ohio canal, was completed to Cum- 
berland, Md., 182 m., in 1841. In 1834 a railroad was opened from 
Philadelphia to Columbia. 82 m., connecting there with the 
Penna. State canal to Hollidaysburg, 172 m., thence by Port-age 
railroad across the mountains to Johnstown, S'6 m.. thence by canal 
to Pittsburg 103 m. ; total distance 395 m., cost of work $12,381,000. v 
This was the first great enterprise of the kind undertaken, the 
canal portion having been commenced in 1826, and was the first 
step in facilitating communication between the East and West by 
means of improved lines of travel and transportation. Prom 
these beginnings the spread of canals and railroads has been 
marvel ously rapid. 

C. 46, g. Excavating and dredging machines. 

The Orukter Amphibolos or amphibious digger, constructed by 
Oliver Evans at Philadelphia in 1799 for the Board of Health of 
that city, for cleaning docks, was a flat-bottomed boat 30 ft. long 
and 12 wide, with chain and buckets to bring up the mud. The 
digger was propelled and the dredging machinery operated by a 
steam engine. This was not only the first steam dredge, but was 
one of the earliest applications of steam to navigation, and the 
first practical application of the high-pressure principle to the 
steam engine. 

0. 47, g. 1, 2. Road scrapers; 3. Ditching machines. 

0. 48, g. Class, paving. 

C. 49, g. 1. Cess pools, draining cellars, sewers, drain 
taps, sewer grates and basins, construction of cisterns; 2. 
Garbage and ash boxes, construction of prisons, tire-proof 
shutters and blinds; 3. Iron buildings, arching bricks, 
copings for walls, ties for hollow walls, beam supports, fire 
proof buildings; 4. Metallic lathing, corner beads and 
strips, plastering tools, brick and mortar hods, roofing ma- 
terials ; 5. Roofing compounds. 

The first iron buildings were erected by James Bogardus about 
1818. 

C. 50, g. 1. Slate and tile; and 2. Metallic rooves; 3. 
Apparatus for making compound rooting, machines for tar- 
ring paper, eaves troughs and fastenings, snow-guards for 
roofs ; 4. Portable houses and balconies, walls for build- 
ings ; 5. Revolving stairs, spiral stairs, covering for steps, 
lathing machines, floors for houses, fire-proof floors and 
roofs. 



MUSEUM OF MODELS. 47 

C. 51, g. 1. Window-blinds; and 2. Frames and sashes; 
3. Weather stips, sliding doors; 4. Screens for doors and 
windows, weather boarding, skating rinks, safety doors; 5. 
Hatchways, skylights, awnings. 

C. 52, g. 1, 2. Scaffolding, staging, andtressels; 2. Roof- 
ing, brackets ; 3. Step ladders ; 4, 5. Fire escapes. 

C. 53, g. 1, 5. Fences ; 6. Ladders. 
C. 54, g. 1,2. Fences; 3. Wire fences and stretches; 4, 6. 
Gates — over 500 models. 

C. 55, g. Gates — over 500 models. 

C. 5Q, g. 1. Gates ; 2. Floodgates and fences ; 3. Fence 
posts '; 3, 4. Traction wheels and engines. 

C. 57, g.-6, 2, g. Rejected models, time expired. 
C. 6, 3 g. 1. Button hole machines ; rest of case rejected 
models, time expired. 

0. 64, g.-76, g. Rejected models. 
C. 77, §".-80, g. Pending cases. 



CLASSIFIED INDEX 



SUBJECTS OF INVENTION, 

ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED WITH REFERENCE TO HALL 
AND CASES CONTAINING MODELS. 



Revised to December 1, 1874. 



[Compiled for Keim's Illustrated Guide to the Model Mu- 
seum, Patent Office.] 



Class 1, Aeration and Bottling, Hall N, Case 63, 64 ; 2, Apparel, E, 
13, 14 ; 3. Artificial Limbs, S, 1, 2 ; 4, Baths and Closets, N. 55 ; 5, Beds, 
E, 108 to 110 inclusive ; 6, Beehives, N. 87, 88 : 7, Beer and Wine, S, 40, 42, 
44, 47; 8, Bleaching and Dyeing, S, 49; 9, Boats, E, 61 ; 10 Bolts, Nuts 
and Rivets N. 35 ; 11, Book-binding, E, 115, 117 ; 12, Boots and Shoes, S, 
31 to 34 inclusive ; 13, Brakes and Gins N. 43 ; 14, Bridges, W, 43 ; 15, 
Brushes and Brooms, W, 22, 23 ; 16, Builders' Hardware, E, 7 to 10 



48 keim's classified index. 

inclusive ; 17, Butchering W, 22; IS Caoutchouc, S, 3 5; 19, Carding, * 
E, 17, 18 ; 20, Carpentry, VV, 49 to 52 ; 21, Carriages and Wagons, W t 
6 to 9 and 12 ; 22, Casting, X, 31 ; 23, Chemical, Miscellaneous, S, 3 side 
cases ; 24, Clasps and Buckles S,30 ; 25 Clay, S, 12 to 15; 26, Cloth, E, 21, 
22. 23. 24 ; 27, Coffins, S, 1 ; 28, Cordage, E 21 ; 29, Crinoline and Corsets, E, 
14; 30, Cutlery, S, 4; 31, Dairy, N, 1 2, 3 and 42; 32 Dental, S, 1 ; 33, 
Drafting, S, 21 : 34, Dryers and Kilns, E, 48, 49 and 5 ; 35, Education- i 
at, E, 6S; 38, Electricity, S, 25, 26, 27; 37, Excavators, W, 46, 47; 38, 
Felting and Hats, E. 16; 39, Fences W, 53, 54 55 56; 40. Files, N,38; 
41, Fine Arts, E, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122 ; 42, Fire-arms, E.'l, 2, and wall 
case ; 43, Fishing, E, 66 ; 44, Fuel, S, 48, 49 ; 45, Furniture, E, 95, 97, 100, 
101, 102. 103, 104, 105 ; 46, Games and Toys, E, 95. 66, 123, 124 ; 47, Garden 
and Orchard, N, 67, 68; 48, Gas, S, 9, 10; 49, Glass, W, 14; 50, Gover- } 
nors, E, 72; 51, Grinding and Polishing, N, 42; 52, Gunpowder, S, 
side case ; 53, Hardware Manufacture, N, 29 to 41 inclusive ; 54 Har- 
ness, S, 29, 30, 31; 55, Harrows, K, 12: 56, Harvesters, N, 15 to 22 in- 
clusive; 57, Hoisting, W, 15, 16, 17, 18; 58, Horology, S, 20; 59, Horse- 
shoes, N, 32 ; 60, Hose and Belting, S, 3 ; 61, Hydraulic Engineering, W; 
44, 45 ; 62 Ice, S, 41, 42, 43 ; 63, Jewelry, E, 118 and in machinists' room , 
64, Journals and Bearings, W, 33, 34, 35 ; 65, Kitchen Utensils, 96, 97,98, 
99; 66, Knitting and Netting, E, 31, 32; 67, Lamps and Gas-fittings, E, 52, 
53,54, 55, 56 ; 68, Laundry, E, 86 to 98 inclusive, and 97 ; 69, Leather, S, 
28, 39, 40; 70, Locks and Latches, E, 6, 9, 127 ; 71, Manures, S, 12 ; 72, Ma- 
sonry, W, 49; 73, Measuring Instruments, S, 17, 18, 19, 22; 74. Mechani- 
cal Powers, W, 32, 36 ; 75, Metallurgy, N, 29 to 41, 44 ; 76, Metal Work- ff 
ing : 1. Bending and Straightening, N, 37 ; 77, Metal Working : 2. Bor- 
ing and Drilling, N, 37, 38; IS, Metal Working: 3. Forging, Swaging 
and Riveting, N, 39 ; 79, Metal Working : 4, Punching, Culling and 
Shearing, N, 36, 37, 38 : 80, Metal Working : 5. Boiling, N, 33, 34 and 
39 ; 81, Metal Worldng : 6. Tools, N", 29 to 45 ; 82, Metal Working : 7. Turn- 
ing, Planing and Milling, N, 40 ; 83, Mills, "N", 7<J to 75 ; 84, Music, E, * 
120, 121, 122 ; 85, JVails, N, 35 : 86, Needles and Pins, N, 41 ; 87, Oils, Fats 
and Glue, 5, 6 ; 88, Optics, S, 25 ; 89, Ordnance, E, 3, 4 ; 90, Ore, N, 69 ; 
91, Paint, S, 48; 92, Paper-making, E, 11; 93, Paper Ma?iufactures r E, ■ 
12, 116, 117, 128; 94, Paviny, W, 48; 95, Photography, E, '118, 119: 96, 
Plating, S, side case; 97, Plows, N, 3 to 7, and 86 ; 98, Pneumatics, N, , 
64, 65, (56 ; 99, Preserving Food, S, 44 ; 100, Presses, W, 26, 27, 2S ; 101, 
Printing, E, 111, 112; 102, Projectiles, E, 3, 4 ; 103, Pumps, N, 57, 58, 59, 
60; 104, Railways: 1. The " Way," N, 45, 46, 47,48, 49 ; 105, Railways: 
2. Cars and Interior Fittings, N, 53; 106, Railways: 3. Exterior Mount- 
ings and Fittings, X, 49 to 54 ; 107, Railways : 4. Track and Car Irons 
and Fittings, Manufacture of, N, 34 ; 108, Roofing, W, 50 ; 109, Safes, E, 
5 ; 110, Saws, N, 73. 74, 75 ; 111, Seeders and Planters, N, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 
13; 112, Sewing Machines, E, 32, 33, 34, 35, 37; 113, Sheet-metal, N, 37 ; ■ 
114, Ships: 1. Cons/ruction, E, 58, 61, 62, 63.64; 115, Ships: 2. Propul- 
sion, E, 59, 60: 116, Signals, S, 16,17 ; 117, Silk, E, 22; 118, Spinning, E,19, 
20, 21. 22 ; 119, Stabling, N, 21, 27, 28 ; 120, Stationery, E, 114, 115, L16, 117 ; 
121, Steam: 1. Engines, E, 69,70,71; 122, St earn,: 2. Boilers, E. 78 to 85; 
123, Steam: 3. Locomotives, E, 71; 124, Stills, S, 45, 46, 47, 115, Stone, 
Lime and Cement, E. 5 ; W, 13, 14, 19, 30, 31 ; 126, Stoves and Furnaces, 
S, 38 to 52 ; 127, Sugar, 8, 7, 8; 128, Surgery, S, 1, 2; 129, Tanning, S,38, 
39 ; 130, Thrashing, W, 24, 25 ; N, 23 to 27 ; 131 Tobacco, W, 29 ; 132, Toilet. 
E, 13; 133 Trunks, S,28; 134, Tubing and Wire. JS T , 39; 135, Umbrellas 
and Fans, E, 13 ; 136, Valves. E, 73 to 77; 137, Water Distribution, N, 56 
to 62; 138, Water-wheels, N 61, 62; 139, Weaving, 23 to 30, and wall 
case ; 140, Wire-working, N, 39 ; 141, Wood-screws, N, 36 and 84 ; 142, 
Wood-working: 1. Lalfies.N. 79; 143, Wood-working: 2. General-worn 1 
Machinery, N, 73 to 86 ; 144, Wood-working: 3. Special war ^ Machinery 
N. 73 to 86 ; 145, Wood-working : 4. Tools, 73 to 86. 



V& . 2« 



NO VISITOR TO THE CAPITAL SHOULD LEAVE WITHOUT IT. 
The Standard Hand-Book— Revised Annually. 




A Descriptive and Historical Hand-Book to 

WASHINGTON and ITS ENVIRONS. 

BY DeB. RANDOLPH KEIM, 

Washington Correspondent, Author of Sheridan s 'Troopers on the Borders, and 
Sketches of San Domingo. 



EDITION FOR 1874— THIRD EDITION. 

272 Pages. 2 Maps. 6 Diagrams. 28 Illustrations. 



CONTENTS. 

General Information for the Convenience of Strangers, including a complete CODE' 
OF ETIQUETTE FOR WASHINGTON SOCIETY. 

Section I. — Washington and the District of Columbia: Geographical Location, To- 
pography, Boundaries, Government, Statistics, Geology, Botany, Climate, &c. 

Section II. — Description of Washington : Topography, Plan and Historic Retro- 
spect, Reservations, Avenues, Streets, Sewers, Squares, Botanical Garden, 
Statues, Water Supply, Fountains, Harbor, Bridges, &c. , 

Section III. — Public Buildings and Grounds, including complete exterior and in- 
terior descriptions and history of every public building in the city, and every 
work of art or other object of interest contained in them. 

Section IV. — Places of General Interest, including the Smithsonian Institution 
and National Museum, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Washington National Monu- 
ment, Churches, Halls, Newspaper Offices, Schools, Asylums, Cemeteries, Mar- 
kets, &c. 

Section V. — The Environs of Washington, embracing Georgetown, Alexandria, 
Arlington House and Cemetery, Washington Aqueduct and Great Falls of the 
Potomac, Soldiers' Home, Rock Creek Church, Bladensburg, Reform School, 
Asylums, Mount Yernon, Defenses of Washington, and every other place of in- 
terest in the District. 

Section VI. — History of Washington, compiled entirely from original sources. i 

ALSO A COPIOUS INDEX FOR READY REFERENCE. 

MAPS compiled expressly for Keim's Hand-Book: The District of Columbia and 
adjacent country, showing the Defenses of Washington — the only complete map 
of the District ever published in any Guide. Washington City, 1874, the only 
late Hand-Map published. T 

DIAGRAMS of the principal floor of the Capitol, the Senate Chamber, the House 
of Representatives, Bronze Doors, &c. 

JlSPThe Latest, most Complete, and only Reliable Hand-Book. 



PRICE, $1.25. 




m ^x^^yy/i° vr^< ° r^ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. U ^ 

*» c, \P * (// Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 







Treatment Date: Sept. 2003 



*\^ °^ * PreservationTechnologies <ji 



O A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 

1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 



Cranberry Township, PA 16066 
{724)773-2111 



*' T c£* 



<CL r ^ 



